The source of explanatory gap is property dualism Property dualism is shaped by the distinction between appearance and reality and was first introduced by Kripke. Thomas Nagel has also said that the reality of consciousness is dependent upon its subjective and qualitative properties while Levine proclaims the problem of explanatory gap or the question of how subjective consciousness arises from the physical structure of the brain. In Chalmers' view the hard problem of consciousness or the source of explanatory gap is the phenomenal property of experience. He represents three methodological principles that will provide the context for psychophysical law and solve the problem of explanatory gap. In this article, we consider the principles of Chalmers and then explain why Chalmers loses his commitment to the constraints and requisites of primary schemata of a given theory.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the gap in cultural values between mothers and daughters.Methodology: This research was applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of the nature of the data. The statistical population was a quantitative part of the female students of Farhangian University of Bushehr, 235 of whom were selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The population of the qualitative part was the female students of Farhangian University of Bushehr, 25 of whom were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation by purposive sampling. The research tool in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by obtaining the opinions and suggestions of the expert panel members, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.8 for the capital questionnaire, 0.73 for cultural values, and 0.74 for the construction of power distribution in the family. The research tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview. Reliability was confirmed through the triangulation method of researchers and control by the participants, and the reliability was confirmed by the within-subject agreement method of two coders of 75.5%. In the quantitative part, the data were analyzed with multiple regression and the U-Man-Whitney test with SPSS 26 software, and in the qualitative part, with thematic analysis in the MAXQDA 2020 software.Findings: In the quantitative part, the results showed that the difference between mothers and daughters was significant in terms of cultural values. The variables of capital difference and the structure of power distribution are the most significant predictors. There was a gap in cultural values between mothers and daughters. In the qualitative part, 225 basic themes, 8 organizing themes and one overarching theme were formed in the participants' description of the gap in cultural values between mothers and daughters. In examining the views of the participants, about the role of capital difference on the gap in cultural values, 385 basic themes, 11 organizing-themes and 4 overarching themes and the role of the structure of power distribution on the gap in cultural values, 102 basic themes, 5 An organizing theme and an inclusive theme emerged.Conclusion: There was a significant difference between mothers and daughters in terms of cultural values. The variables of capital difference and the construction of power distribution had a significant role on the gap of cultural values, which the participants confirmed by explaining the nature of this role.

Considering 􀧡 adr􀆗 ’ s view on the abstraction of perception and the arguments he has put forward, a reasoned answer to the riddle of the explanatory gap is provided. 􀧡 adr􀆗 ’ s explanation of perception and the soul is included in the dualistic interpretation, but his interpretation justifies the issue of perception and its quality more coherently, considering the abstract dignity of the soul and the fact that the soul is the source of any consciousness. On the other hand, Levin emphasizes the distinction between the nature of pain and the neural process by formulating the riddle of the explanatory gap. In his view, an explanatory gap is created between the realization of the phenomenon of perception and the similar neural processes that this gap cannot be filled based on existing neural data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the success of transcendent wisdom (􀦣 ikmat almuta'aliya) in providing a reasoned answer to this issue and filling the above-mentioned explanatory gap through the rules of transcendental wisdom. 􀧡 adr􀆗 ’ s view of the abstractness of perception seems to provide a reasoned answer to the riddle of the explanatory gap by presenting it in a dualistic interpretation and by looking at the soul as a truth distinct from the material body but at the same time united with it.

Consciousness is one of the main challenges of the philosophy of mind in the contemporary period; in other words, the big philosophical problem in the contemporary discourse is how consciousness is possible and how the brain causes it.This is called "hard problem," and the lack of explanation about it is "explanatory gap". In order to address the problems in the field of consciousness, Hasker has expressed the theory of mental substance emergence. According to him, consciousness is a mental substance that is created from matter through a complex process. But can this theory solve the problems of previous theories in the field of consciousness? In this article, the intellectual foundations of the followers of substance emergentism are first scrutinized. Subsequently, based on the analysis and investigation of the nature of consciousness, the challenges of consciousness and the answers provided are examined. It is determined that although Hasker and the followers of the theory of substance emergentism, by accepting the intuition of "self", have made an effective scientific effort to address some challenges, they have not been able to resolve the conflicts caused by the intuition of "self" and physicalism. Issues such as the cause of emergence, the duality of determinability and inexplicability, the relationship of irreducibility with causal reduction and suspension of laws, conflict with the principle of exclusion, and the independence or dependence of mental substance on matter are issues that the theory of the emergent mental substance has encountered.

Introduction and statement of the problem: Representation in epistemological discussions, or what has sometimes been called the Copernican revolution of Kant, maintain an idea according to which in knowing the world subject is as important as the object, if not more. The brain of the human may affect the process of recognition, and we can ask how and how much it takes place. Moreover, every instrument, such as a microscope or telescope, which mediate between brain and object, should be contained to the same test. Media is a kind of instrument intermediator between the world and us. In contemporary society, we receive more information from the media than we obtain directly from our environment. So the general epistemological suspicion can be extended to the issue of news strategy in the media. I am planning to address this problem in this paper. Theoretical Considerations: According to the general taste, news, which includes accidents and strange happenings, are more exciting and amazing and can attract more attention. The point is that such news is so often bad ones. That is the reason why headlines are full of news of terror, war, crash, fire, pollution, traffic, scandal and so on. The media concentrate and emphasize on these sorts of news, and that is the reason they fail to do representation as they show the world to be worse than it is. Accordingly, it is fair to say the media distorts our perception, and our conception of the world is generally less real than it is really. That from the viewpoint of chief redaction and its gatekeeping what kind of news has value or is important to determine how the audience see their world. Because society gives most of its information from the media, the more news emphasis on something, the more important and even the more existent it seems to be. Therefore, the news, which is usually selected and is the subject of repetition and concentration, would influence the representation from the real world. It is evident that news gatekeeping could be influenced by a variety of factors such as money, power, politics, ideology, and the conscious or unconscious standpoint of journalists. Nevertheless, those well-known causes apart, there is something more powerful and more hidden which influences news and thereby influence the world-view of consumers. We call it professionalism. The very professionalism which should be and seems to be against many kinds of bias, such as we mentioned above, play itself an important role in gatekeeping and organizing the choice and the priority of news and thereby is the source of a big bias. On the one hand, journalism is, above all, a profession, and in almost every profession, success requires customer orientation. On the other hand, and methodologically speaking, the psychological nature of humankind makes us more interested in exciting news. It results in that the media tries to cover more exciting and amazing news. But not surprisingly most of the time the exciting news is the bad ones or even the worse. Usually, good things do not happen all of a sudden. It takes time for a development to be achieved or a problem to be solved, and being so they lake the potentiality of making interesting and attractive news. Moreover, another side of our psychology or our education prepare us more to be discontent than content, so that the good things seem to be normal and the bad ones can be the source of opposition. Therefore a war, a terrorist attack, a fire, a plane crash, an earthquake, or a political scandal are much more likely to be reported as soon as possible and to be the subject of headline and repetition and the other kinds of highlighting. In doing so, media news does not represent the world as it is. Some of the findings here indicate that there are examples even from the scientific research reports that show in what extent media choose the versions, which fortify that bias just for being more customer oriented. The news concerning environmental problems is an example. Almost every day we read, listen, and watch some news, which indicates a new bad behavior or law or strategy for the environment: the seas more polluted, the forests more disappeared, the wild animals more threatened and so on. There is rarely a report about many attempts to protect the environment. Just because news consumers psychologically and sociologically prefer to listen that politicians are doing badly and that a sort of apocalypse is coming soon. However, this is not the truth, at least all the truth. This bias is confusing and has strong negative implications, for news consumers see the world much worse than it is, and might become more depressed and pessimist and even ready to radical actions and join to the extremist parties. Reading, listening, watching and sharing news in cyberspace is generally considered as a cultural activity or sometimes as social activism, and something to be praised. More you regularly consume news especially worldwide news more you seem to have character and to be in a good way of life. You seem to have more chance to know the world better and so to live correctly. However, this idea is based on the assumption that media in its news reflect the reality as it is. However, as we demonstrate it, this is not the case. It could even have a contrary function. With too much confidence to media and too much-consuming news, we risk to believe that world is very dark and become pessimist and distrust because the world, however, is not so good is not as bad as media news try to persuade. The part of bad news is bigger and not proportional. Not only people do not pay attention to it, but also there is a belief that good men concentrate on bad aspects of affairs. Because it helps to be a more political and more motivated fighter against oppression and injustice, apparently being politically correct necessitates that bad aspects of social life be underlined. Although media shows, somehow unconsciously, the bad aspects of the world in an un-proportionate manner, there is a part of consciousness that approves the necessity of it. Concluding Remarks: This paper aims at corroborating the idea that professional media, supposed to be far from those tendencies, based on very professionalism, according to which customer compliance is the first principle, produce some other kind of disturbing in the representation of the reality. Thus, the contribution of the article is that the general value, which holds that more reading/listening/watching news is a sign of a safer society, should be a subject of doubt. It can create a conduit to take in serious reform in news media strategy and/or a News diet for the consumers.

Most of the scientific answers given to the problem of consciousness have either slipped towards reductionism or tried to explain it through functionalism. The common deficiency of most of them is ignoring the phenomenological and qualitative aspects of consciousness. The view of neural Darwinism has the advantage that, despite being scientific, it leaves aside both reductionist and functionalist perspectives. This view seeks to explain consciousness through the mechanism of natural selection in forming neural groups. Although this theory overcomes most of the contemporary challenges that consciousness has faced, such as Blind-sight, it leaves the hard problem or the explanation of Qualia untouched. In this regard, this view suffers from a kind of inadequacy of empirical data to determine the theory. In this article, a proposal is made to complete and develop this theory in order to overcome the mentioned deficiency. This is done by introducing a Multiple Supervenience that is rooted in Dispositionalism. This relationship relates basic properties to higher-order properties but differs from the classical supervenience in that it can explain the specific causal relationship between levels. The paper shows that this Multiple Supervenience is applicable to the theory of neuronal Darwinism. In order to explain consciousness, Neural Darwinism uses the potential of individual neurons or groups of neurons and the stimuli obtained through external sensors, as well as emergent properties.

with studies conducted on more than 40 domestic and foreign articles during the years 2020-2023 in related databases that dealt with various dimensions of the impact of the Covid-19 virus, it is possible to identify the generational object of Corona among teenagers. And the youth, in whom the formation of a generation takes place, because they have experienced a huge inequality between generations, and considering its impact on indicators such as education, economy, social and cultural relations, the impact of this crisis on their generational life. It was seen more than others. Based on this, the pattern of the pandemic generation can be recognized according to the index of the impact of an omnipresent deadly disease in the world. That entity of a new generation was proposed as the Corona generation. The findings showed that by recognizing this generation, the challenges facing them can be examined and better plans can be made for their future. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has been done with a survey tool.

Explanatory defense of theism is a method based on "inference to the best explanation", and probability that Swinburne defends. In this method, monotheistic theism, as a hypothesis, competes with other competing hypotheses, such as materialism, humanism, and non-monotheistic theism. This competition is in the form of inference to the best. In this article, we examine Swinburne's method by stating the main elements of his view. We have come to the conclusion that Swinburne's quantitate method in defense of theism, the use of challengeable premises, and non-adjutancy of causal explanation are among the most important challenges to which his view is faced.

Differentiating primary consciousness from superior one, Edelman explains the first by perceptual categorization and value-category memory, while explaining the latter by language. He explicates the connection between perceptions and the subject’s function by brain map as a phenomenological informational space. His idea leads to the rejection of modularity theory, the denial of the subject as a metaphysical entity, an instrumental approach to popular psychology, and a defense of scientific psychology. Edelman considers property dualism and explanatory gap to be pseudo-problems in the philosophy of mind without having right understanding of them.The authors criticize him on his explanation of primary consciousness by memory, because memory has nothing for representing without mental experiences. Furthermore, a subject cannot be explained merely by brain map, because any mental space is in need of a meta-space, and the brain map will never exist.