انسان با تهذیب نفس و علم حضوری می تواند حضور علت هستی بخش را درک نماید؛ لذا در فلسفه اسلامی خداوند حاضر علی الاطلاق است. اما پرسش از چرایی عدم انکشاف حضور الهی به طور گسترده برای بشر از طریق روش هایی مانند تجربه دینی ذهن فیلسوفان دین را به خود مشغول داشته است و تقریرات شلنبرگ در استدلال به اختفای الهی برای الحاد، در این میان نقش محوری دارد. عمده پاسخ ها به علت اختفای الهی از منظر وجودی، فلسفی، عرفانی و کلامی است. اما در پژوهش حاضر به روش تحلیل محتوایی سعی شده است رویکردهای انسانی تراویس دامزدی مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. وی با بیان مواردی مانند شاخص انزجار آسیب دیده، شاخص انزجار محدودیت وجودی، شاخص ترس و امید و شاخص از خود بیگانگی سعی در طرح دلایل اختفای الهی نموده است. در این مقاله عمده نقدهای این رویکرد انسانی مواردی چون نسبی گرایی و استقرای ناقص، بی نیاز نبودن از رویکردهای کلامی مانند تدبیر، حکمت و لطف الهی، ارائه تصویری منفعل از خداوند و عدم توجه به بعد اجتماعی دین، دانسته شده است.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training on cardiac morphological indicators in untrained women. For this purpose, 20 sedentary females (mean age 22.6±1.8yr, height 162.3±6.5cm, weight 58±5.1 kg, BF% 18.3±5.2% and surface of body 1.62±0.15m2) were selected to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned to experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The anthropometric, body composition and echocardiogram tests were carried out before the protocol. Then, the subjects performed 6 weeks of resistance training. Resistance training protocol consisted of 6 performances with weight training in 3 sets with 10 repetitions, at 60-70% of one repetition maximum (1RM). The results showed that after the training protocol, the ventricular wall thickness increased by 10% and left ventricular end-systolic measure dropped down by 10% compared with the control group (P≤0.05). But other factors including posterior wall thickness, end diastolic dimension, left ventricular mass, left atrium volume, total heart volume, left ventricular end systolic volume, left ventricular end diastolic volume and aortic stenosis did not change significantly. The results showed that 6 weeks of resistance weight training can improve the performance and cardiac health in sedentary females as this training significantly affected some variables under study.

River pattern variations are one of the most important river engineering issues. In order to achieve this goal, using field observations, a 1: 1000 topographic map was prepared and extracted using Landsat and Google Earth satellite images in the GIS environment of the studied areas. By digitizing the river route in AutoCAD, the geometric parameters of the river (central angle, relative radius, plan shape, torsional coefficient) were calculated on the images. The results indicated that in Azad River, the winding river at 40% relative has a radius of more than 3.5. In 30% relative radius bends in river is 1.5 to 3.5. In addition, about 30 percent of the stress concentration around the inner corners is the main river. According to the findings, the probability of serious and significant changes in the period of study, Azad River is small. Intervals that are unstable are likely to need special attention in the context of their privacy be determined. Among the intervals, there are nine critical intervals that include intervals of 58, 56, 47, 41, 29, 26, 24, 20, 18. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the bed boundaries.

Water resource management is one of the major challenges in lawn management. Considering the fact that Iran is located in a dry and semiarid area, lawn water demand and resource management is very crucial. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of irrigation levels on some growth traits of turf sport mixture was studied. Irrigation treatments consisted of 50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity with one-day interval watering frequency which were applied when the plants were stablished. Morphological and physiological traits were measured at weeks two, four and six after applied levels of irrigation. Results showed that as the amount of watering decreased, turf longitudinal growth, dry matter, visual quality, relative water content and leaf phosphor content declined. This was while cell electrolyte leakage increased. However, at 75 % of field capacity irrigation level, leaf total chlorophyll and potassium content was more than 100% of field capacity irrigated plants. Based on the obtained results, there was no significant difference between two levels of 100 and 75% of field capacity irrigation levels for all measured traits. This was while both irrigation levels were significantly better than 50% of field capacity. Generally, the results indicated that reducing irrigation by one-fourth of field capacity maintains the quality and quality of “ Sport” mixture grass in normal conditions and at the same time, greatly reduces the amount of consumed water for irrigation.

The evaluation of Active Tectonics in north of Esfarā yen city by using morphological evidences and morphotectonic indicators. Esfarā yen city is located on the southern slopes of Aladagh Mountains in northeastern of Iran. The northern part of the city, experienced intense tectonic activities. Due to the high population density and proximity to the Bojnord city, center of North Khorasan Province, the study of tectonic activity in this area is necessity. The study of tectonic movements was done in two parts of morphological evidences and morphotectonic indicators. Based on morphological evidence such as numerous earthquakes, geological formations, change in direction of faults, the displacement in geological formation and river deviation is indicated that this area is part of tectonic active area. morphotectonic studies were performed by using of compactness indicators, Several morphotectonic indices have also been used for morphotectonic studies, and its values for Gravelius coefficient are 1. 99, for the ratio of width to valleys’ height (vf) indicators are0. 938, for screw mountain front (smf) are 1. 38, basin’ warping coefficient (AF) are 54. 28, river sinusoidal index (s) are1. 29 and relative tectonic activities index (Iat) are1. 41. The results of all these factors, the area will be tectonically active regions. The studies also showed that the Bidwaz basin in central part of the region And Roein Basin in West is experienced severe tectonic activities and the Cal Valayt basin Basin in the East region is experiencing relaxed tectonic movements.

To study the effect of foliar application of proline and salicylic acid on growth, morphological and phytochemical traits of Stevia, an experiment based on completely randomized block design in a factorial arrangement was conducted with three replications in the University of Zanjan. Foliar applications of proline in three levels (0, 1, 2 mM) as well as salicylic acid (0, 0. 3, 0. 6 mM) were applied after establishment of transplants in the field three times with 10 days intervals. Factors including leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, total fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity were studied. Results showed that salicylic acid and proline applications significantly influenced above mentioned traits. The highest average leaf area/ plant (5949. 39 cm2), leaf fresh (787. 17 g/m2) and dry leaf weight (228. 5 g/m2), total fresh (1339. 23 g/m2) and total dry weight (327. 52 g/m2) were recorded in 1 mM proline in combination with 0. 3 mM salicylic acid. Solely applications of proline at 2 mM and salicylic acid at 0. 6 mM enhanced chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and total flavonoid contents. The highest average total chlorophyll (5. 23 mg/g fw) observed in 2 mM proline in combination with 0. 3 mM salicylic acid and highest phenol (19. 94 mg/g dw) recorded in 1 mM proline in combination with 0. 6 mM salicylic acid. Collectively, results showed that application of proline and salicylic acid significantly improved vegetative growth and production of active substances in Stevia rebaudiana.

The present study was conducted to determine the morphological indices indicating the diversity of Persian oak acorn in two forest sites on the northern and southern slopes of Ilam forests. In each site, 12 oak trees were selected and from each tree, 100 acorns were collected from the four main crown sides as a composite sample. Samples were transferred to the laboratory to measure the morphological traits of the fruit and its cup. The values of fruit length, fruit diameter, cup length and cup diameter were different among trees in each site. Also, the values of fruit length and fruit diameter were higher in the northern site than the southern site. Plasticity study showed that fruit length and fruit diameter traits have less plasticity. Moreover, the values of fruit length, fruit diameter, cup length and cup diameter were significantly different among tree groups with different degrees of crown dieback. Therefore, it was found that the acorns of Persian oak trees are significantly affected by the individual characteristics of trees, site conditions and the severity of crown dieback. Although variability among trees in terms of site differences and the degree of crown dieback can be due to plasticity, but individual and intra-population changes in fruit traits can be due to their genetic and in this regard, fruit length and fruit diameter traits are morphological indicators indicating the diversity of Persian oak acorn.

Nanotechnology has been able to pave the way for new methods in plant sciences and agricultural research. This research was carried out to investigate effects of Nano silver in 4 concentrations (0 (control), 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1) at 8 replications in a complete randomized block design, on viability, bacterial contamination and some morphological and biochemical indices of GN15 explants at Urmia University. Shoot tip of cultivated GN15 rootstock were placed in MS medium containing 3% sucrose and 0. 8% agar and different concentrations of Nano silver and 1 mg L-1 BAP. Samples were recultured and were grown in growth chamber. By increasing Nano silver concentration, the plants survival increased and the percentage of bacterial and fungal contamination decreased. Nano silver increased the root length, leaf number, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble carbohydrates at concentrations from 0 to 100 mg L-1. At higher concentrations, these factors were decreased. Increasing the concentration of Nano silver decreased the shoot number and lateral branches number of explants, but did not have a significant effect on root number. Despite the effect of increasing the concentration of Nano silver on reducing bacterial contamination, up to 200 mg L-1, even to less than 10%, the best level, improving the biotic properties of GN15 explants was 100 mg L-1.

Evaluation of the Dickson quality index (DQI) is an efficient but destructive and time-consuming method for prediction of the quality of different seedlings. Fast and low-cost prediction of the quality and vigor of fruit tree seedlings at harvest time using DQI which has shown to be highly correlated with morphological characteristics, is necessary. In this study, grafted sour cherry and sweet cherry bare-root seedlings of 17 commercial cultivars with three replications from 10 nurseries in four provinces in Iran were harvested during the transplanting seasons of 2020 and 2021. The seedlings were selected from two types of certified and non-certified grafted sour cherry and sweet cherry on the seedling and clonal rootstocks, respectively. Seedling height, diameter above grafting line (DAGL), root length, number of roots and branches, fresh and dry weight, height to diameter ratio, and DQI were assessed, and simple correlation coefficients between them were calculated. Path analysis method employed to estimate direct and indirect effects of variables. The results showed that the average DQI for non-certified seedlings was 15. 6. The higher values of DQI were observed in areas with more than 3400 accumulated growing degree-days. For certified seedlings, DQI decreased to 12 which is likely to be the effect of using SL64 semi-dwarf rootstock. Based on the results of the path analysis for DQI, the highest direct effect was related to DAGL. DAGL was determined as the most efficient morphological characteristic for characterization of quality categories of grafted sour cherry and sweet cherry seedlings due mainly to its highest correlation with the DQI and most of the other morphological characteristics.

Extended Abstract   Introduction: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world due to their abundance of vitamins, lycopene, iron, calcium, manganese, magnesium, and potassium. Khuzestan, with a production of over 21,000 tons of tomatoes in 90 hectares of greenhouses, ranks fourth in the country after the provinces of Bushehr, Isfahan, East Azerbaijan, and Sistan and Baluchestan (the total area under tomato greenhouse cultivation in Iran is over 2400 hectares). Due to the trend of drought in Iran, providing the required water for this level of cultivation will be one of the main challenges and concerns of farmers in the future. Therefore, the necessity of attention to water supply for this level of tomato greenhouses, considering the dry and semi-dry nature of the country, seems to be crucial. One of the biggest recent challenges in Iran is the limitation of water resources, which has reduced access to water for both human and agricultural uses due to low levels of rainfall, poor distribution, high evaporation and transpiration rates, and the phenomenon of drought. To overcome the water shortage, the use of aquaculture wastewater or its combination with agricultural water can be a solution due to lower water and chemical fertilizer consumption, as well as prevention of the release of nutrient-rich water sources into rivers. This can be one of the helpful management strategies in solving the water shortage problem in dry and semi-dry regions for agricultural production. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of using fish pond wastewater on the morphological and growth characteristics of three greenhouse tomato cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the autumn and winter of 2021-2022. Tomato seedlings were first produced under LED light in a room and transferred to 9-liter pots with a row spacing of 90 cm and a plant spacing of 30 cm at the 3-4 leaf stage. The planting media used in this experiment was sand which was washed several times with purified water before use. The treatments in this experiment consisted of three types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water, and modified fish pond water) and three promising greenhouse tomato cultivars (V4, AZ4 and AZ5). In order to modify the fish pond water, 50 liters of tap water were mixed with 50 liters of fish pond water. The fractional amounts of elements in the growth nutrient solution were adjusted to standard concentrations of elements in the hydroponic culture using common fertilizers. During the growth period and at the end of the experiment, the growth, morphological, and growth characteristics of the tomato plants were measured and examined until the fifth cluster harvest. Results and Discussion: The results of this experiment showed that the Resh nutrient solution and modified fish pond water had the highest plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter compared to fish pond water alone. The results of the interaction between nutrient solution and tomato cultivars indicated that the longest distance from the planting medium to the first inflorescence was observed in the AZ5 cultivar with fish pond water, and the shortest distance was observed in the V4 cultivar with modified fish pond water. It seems that the increased uptake of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in the growth nutrient solution and modified fish pond water treatments led to an increase in plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, and node number, while the insufficient availability of these nutrients in fish pond water treatment resulted in a decrease in growth indices. Based on the results, it was found that fish pond water had the longest days to the formation of the third fruit cluster (82 days), and modified fish pond water and Resh nutrient solution had the shortest days to the formation of the third fruit cluster (74 days). Furthermore, the Resh nutrient solution and modified fish pond water had the highest total fruit weight (480.84 and 456.00 g, respectively) and fruit diameter (6.25 and 5.99 cm, respectively) in the second cluster. Fish pond water had the lowest total fruit weight (247.89g) and fruit diameter (5.33 cm) in the second cluster. The results showed that the V4 cultivar had the highest total fruit weight in the second cluster with a mean of 425 g. The AZ4 and AZ5 cultivars had the lowest total fruit weight with 380 and 375 g, respectively. According to the comparison of means, the modified fish pond water and Resh nutrient solution treatments had the highest total fruit weight (477.93 and 456.49 g, respectively), fruit volume (107.47 and 98.15 cubic cm3, respectively), fruit length (5.66 and 5.11 cm, respectively), and fruit diameter (6.38 and 6.19 cm, respectively) in the third cluster. Fish pond water had the lowest total fruit weight (257.18 g), fruit volume (78.24 cm3), fruit length (4.84 cm), and fruit diameter (5.69 cm) in the third cluster. Previous studies have shown that increasing the concentration of nutrients in fish pond water, including magnesium, calcium, potassium, and even nitrogen, leads to increased fruit production and yield in mature plants under the influence of fish pond water salts. Therefore, the use of fish pond water and the modification of its nutrients with conventional fertilizers not only reduce the consumption of fertilizers and water in the agricultural sector, but can also play an effective role in reducing environmental risks and improving the level of sustainable agriculture. Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that modifying fish pond water probably improves the growth and yield indices of tomato fruit, possibly due to the adequate supply of required nutrients to the plant, similar to the standard Resh nutrient solution. The results showed that using modified fish pond water not only did not reduce the yield but also could increase the crop yield compared to fish pond water treatment. Additionally, the V4 cultivar had a more desirable performance in terms of yield and growth indices compared to other cultivars studied. Therefore, based on the results of this study, the promising V4 line is recommended for greenhouse cultivation using modified fish pond water.