In any period of time and economic condition, specific monetary and fiscal policies are used. Hence the influence of monetary policy depending on the adopted monetary instruments is different. But the important issue is the impact of monetary policy on other parts of the economy. One of the foeffective factor monetary policy is exchange rate. The aim of this study is to examine the relevance and effectiveness of monetary policy on exchange rates using annual time series of 1989-2007 and auto regressive distributed lag method (ARDL). The results of this study indicated that the effect of monetary policy on exchange rates is positive and significant in the long term. National income have a significant negative impact on exchange rates. While the impact of unstable fluctuations of exchange rates and consumer price indexes on the exchange rate are not significant. In short term, monetary policy after one lag period and unst exchange rates.Unstable fluctuations of exchange rate have significantly positive effect on exchange rates, while national income and consumer price index have significantly negative effect on exchange rates.

In this study, it is attempted to study the role of oil price and oil revenue in unemployment rate in a symmetrical (linear) and asymmetric (nonlinear) model for Iran. For this purpose, seasonal data 2001: 2 to 2017: 4 and ARDL model in linear and nonlinear approach has been used. The results in the linear approach show that the oil price has inverse effect on unemployment rate and the oil revenue has no significant effect. Also, according to the nonlinear approach, in the short run, oil price and oil revenue have an asymmetric effect on the unemployment rate. So that, decreases in the oil prices has a negative effect on unemployment rate and the effect of increases in the oil price is not significant. In terms of oil revenue, the results show that increases and decreases have a reverse effect on the unemployment rate. So that, the first, the magnitude of the effect of increases in the oil income on unemployment is different from the effect of decreases in the oil income, and second, the effect of decreases in the oil income is greater than the effect of increases in the oil income. The results for oil price in long-run is similar to short-run, and only decreases in the oil price have a reverse effect on unemployment rate. In long-run, the impact of oil revenue is unlike to short-run and it's negative. So that the first, asymmetric effect of oil revenue on unemployment rate is confirmed, and second, unlike to short-run, in the long-run, the magnitude of the effect of increases in the oil revenue on unemployment is greater than the effect of decreases in the oil revenue. CPI in the linear and nonlinear approach has a negative effect on the unemployment rate in the short-run and long-run.

One of the most important economic goals of each country is to increase economic resilience and reduce the damage caused by internal and external shocks. Several factors affect a country's economic resilience. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of international trade on the resilience of Iran's economy using data from 1990 to 2022 using a regression approach with nonlinear distributive interruptions. The results show that in the long run, with increasing trade, the country's economic resilience will increase. Based on the results, the positive effect of trade shock in the long and short term increases economic resilience, while negative shock has a bigger impact on reducing economic resilience compared to the positive effect of trade, so the existence of an asymmetric relation between positive and negative shocks of trade on resilience is confirmed. Also, an increase in economic growth and liquidity can increase economic resilience, while an increase in the real exchange rate causes a decrease in resilience in Iran's economy. 

This article attempts to univestigate the phenomon of currency substitution in Iranian economy, using the ARDL model. For this purpose both long-run and short-run demand functions were estimated using the statistical data for 1974-2009 period. According to our findings, currency substitution both in long-run and short-run were confirmed with long-run substitution having a more powerful effect than long-run substitution. Also, it is indicated that the direct effect of income and the indirect effects of real interest rate and inflation on demand for money in the long-run were greater than in those in the short-run. The ECM estimated from the real demand function for money was-0.24 which expresses a rather slow process of currency adjustment in Iran.

This study empirically analyses bilateral J-curve dynamics of Iran with her six trading partners using time series data over the period of 1979 - 2005. Short and long - run impacts of the depreciation of Iranian Rial on the trade balance between Iran and her six trading partners are estimated by using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach and Error Correction Model (ECM). The empirical results indicate that there is J-curve effect in the short-run between Iran with China and UAE, but in the long - run, the real depreciation of the Iranian Rial has positive impact on trade balance with UAE. The stability of the long-run trade balance equations are tested by using CUSUM and CUSUMSQ stability tests.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in the tax mix on income distribution in Iran using data for the period 1361-1395. To this end, an empirical model is proposed to analyze the effects of substitution of different taxes, including income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax, goods and services tax, and import tax, on income inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient). The results of the cointegration analysis based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach show that (1) the substitution of income tax for corporate tax, wealth tax, or goods and services tax leads to a reduction in income inequality, (2) the substitution of corporate tax for wealth tax reduces income inequality, (3) the substitution of goods and services tax for wealth tax reduces income inequality, whereas the substitution of this type of tax for corporate tax has no statistically significant effect on income inequality, and (4) the substitution of import tax for income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax, or goods and services tax improves income distribution. These results provide a useful guide for policy makers to achieve an optimal mix of taxes aimed at reducing income inequality.

Increasing the price of energy carriers, due to their contribution to production costs, directly affects the production price index of different sectors of the economy and reduces the welfare of the society. The rising trend of global prices for energy and food suppliers in recent years has made economists interested in examining the relationship between these two variables. In this study the effects of energy prices on the food price index was investigated by using of Atou-Regressive Distributed Lag model at the years of 1980-2016. Also, the error correction term, ECM (-1) was estimated in the estimated model of 0. 76, which indicates that in e The results showed that in the long run, with the rise in the price of energy carriers and because of the manufacturer's alignment with the rise in the price of energy carriers and the effect of other sub-sectors that have been affected by this rise in prices, and they affect the amount of production, the price of food increases dramatically.

This Paper investigates impacts of macroeconomic variables on the demand for money in Iranian economy using an auto regressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and the data for the period 1340-1382. The results indicate that there is a unique cointegrated and stable long-run equilibrium relationship between the real demand for money and its determinants such as: real GDP, interest rate, and inflation rate. These results reveal that the demand for money in Iranian economy is more sensitive to the real GDP than to the other macroeconomic variables (long term interest rate and inflation rate). Moreover, the long-term income and inflation elasticity of money demand is 2.620 and 0.038, respectively. This shows that money demand function is more elastic with respect to long-term income and inelastic with respect to price level. Also, adjustment coefficient for money demand is estimated to be 0.19. This means that the adjustment process for money demand would take 5 years.

Nowadays, income distribution and ways to adjust inequality in income distribution have been considered by many policymakers. The adverse social and economic consequences of increasing income inequality in society are not hidden from anyone, so it has led governments to prioritize improving income distribution. Inequality is defined as the difference between individuals in society in accessing economic resources, and various factors play a role in the unequal distribution of income. Government fiscal policies can certainly be effective in reducing inequality and income redistribution. In most developed countries, government distribution policies are driven by tax policies. In addition to being one of the most important sources of government revenue, tax is one of the most effective tools in improving revenue distribution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of inheritance tax on income distribution during the period of winter 2006 to autumn 2018. According to the results of this study, inheritance tax and economic growth rate in the long term can reduce the Gini coefficient and improve income distribution. Moreover, rising government spending, rising inflation, rising population growth, and long-term unemployment can increase the Gini coefficient and make income distribution more unfair.