In 1988 professor Anslin provided a comprehensive review of spatial econometrics in his book entitled "Spatial Econometrics, Methods and Models". These techniques followed the main stream quantitative techniques in economic studies. However, it was claimed that these techniques were more adequate in regional and locational studies compared with the conventional econometrics techniques. In studies where locational and spatial aspects of the variables are significant, thus spatial econometrics techniques can be substituted with conventional methods. Therefore, in recent years spatial econometrics has been widely welcomed in regional sciences directly and indirectly. The main aim of this paper is to introduce the concept and subject of spatial econometrics to the persian users. It is also tried to introduce some of the most useful special econometrics models and compare them with conventional models.

چکیده: سازمان همکاری شانگهای نمادی از زنجیره همگرایی منطقه‌ای در آسیا به شمار می‌رود که به‌واسطه موقعیت اقتصادی و یا اجتماعی کشورهای عضو و همچنین پوشش جغرافیایی این گروه در سطح جهان قابل توجه است. از سویی تفاوت‌های عدیده در زیرساخت‌های اقتصادی کشورهای عضو و سطح درآمدی آن‌ها، بررسی شاخص تاب‌آوری در گروه شانگهای بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در واقع شاخص تاب‌آوری به دنبال ارزیابی قابلیت سازگاری اقتصادی یک کشور و یا گروهی از کشورها در مقابل شوک‌های ایجادشده و نهایتاً پتانسیل بازگشت به سطح تعادلی مطلوب است، لذا بررسی سطح تاب‌آوری در گروه شانگهای می‌تواند دورنما و آینده این سازمان را با وضوح بیشتری نشان دهد. در این پژوهش از روش اقتصادسنجی پانل فضایی در دوره زمانی 2020-2014 استفاده شده است. لذا دو معادله بررسی و مدل SAR با روش اثرات تصادفی پذیرفته شده است و نتایج نشان می‌دهد که متغیرهای حجم تجارت و نوآوری بر شاخص تاب‌آوری، تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارند.

The objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting poverty and to determine poverty map of Fars Province urban areas using spatial econometrics approach. The dataset were obtained throughout 320 urban households participated in household expenditure survey of 2005. Moran's I value for poverty was -0.2125, indicating negative spatial autocorrelation. Moran's scattering graph also showed that most of townships and their neighbors may be placed into poverty subgroups of high-low and low-high. Results revealed that variables of family size, household head gender, percentage of household owning housing and type of employment have significant effects on poverty incidence. Results indicated that the spatial lag and error models have considerable improvement over OLS model.

In Mazandarn province, regional unemployment rates appear to vary widely. In the year 2006, in this province, unemployment rates were 10.85 percent. This disparity is widely in county level. For example, unemployment rate at Joybar and Savadkoh counties were 6.5 and 20.6 percent respectively. Because of regional differences in unemployment rate, geographical analyze is important.In this research, by using spatial econometrics models which is applied in spatial autocorrelation and Iranian census data in the year 2006, we analyze the geographical distribution of unemployment in the 16 counties of Mazandaran province.On the basis of findings, there was positive spatial autocorrelation phenomena in Mazandaran labor market at the county level. Counties marked by high unemployment rate, as well as those characterized by low unemployment rate, tended to be spatially clustered, demonstrating the presence of ‘spatial autocorrelation'.Also, we consider the spillover effect of county's shock on the others.

Social capital has increasingly attracted the interests of the economists and there have been many studies on this subject and its influence on economic performance. The concept of social capital consists of elements such as network, norms and trust the present study has examined the effect of trust, as one of the most important aspects of social capital, on the economic growth of Iran's provinces.In this paper, we review the definitions and concepts of trust. Then we review channels through which trust affects the economic growth. In the context of generalized neoclassical growth models, we introduce a model of the effect of trust on economic growth. In empirical examination we use the data on surveys of "Iranian's Values and Judgments"," Iranian's Cultural Behaviors", the data of Statistic Center of Iran and the Central Bank. On the basis of models of economic growth, we examine the effect of trust on the economic growth of Iran's provinces during the time period 2000-2003 (1379-82).The empirical findings indicate that trust has a positive effect on the economic growth.

Objective: One of the important topics in regional economic literature is inter-regional communication and the influence of one region from other regions. In this way, economic growth in one region can lead to growth and development in neighboring regions. Accordingly, if one of the factors affecting economic growth, such as financial development, causes economic growth in a region, the existence of spillover effects will also affect the economic growth of neighboring regions. According to this theory, it can be said that financial development in an area (if it has an intra-regional impact) can also have spatial effects (spillovers and betweenregional). The objectives of this study are: 1-investigating the effect of direct effect of financial development on the growth of Iranian provinces 2-spillover effects of financial development on the growth of Iranian provinces 3-Effect of auxiliary variables such as foreign direct investment, transaction value of Stock market, bank lending facilities, human capital and per capita road on the growth of Iranian provinces. Method: To collect information related to the research, a documentary or library method was used in which the data of 30 provinces of the country in the period 2011-2015 were collected. Then the data is analyzed using the spatial panel econometric method. Results: Therefore, the results of model estimation show that financial development has had a positive and significant effect on economic growth of regions, but no spillover effects on the growth of neighboring regions and provinces. Also, foreign direct investment and road per capita have both a direct positive effect and a positive spillovers effect on the growth of regions. Human capital has also had a positive and significant direct effect on the economic growth of the regions. The effects of its spillovers have also been significant on the growth of regions. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, financial development has a positive and significant effect on the regional growth of Iran's provinces. One of the indicators of financial development is the facilities granted by banks to the public and private sectors, which has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. According to the results, if the granting of credits and banking facilities to the applicants of private sector projects is done and since it is one of the most important domestic sources for investment, by adopting the correct monetary policies and using appropriate monetary instruments, private sector savings can be efficiently equipped and directed to productive activities, so financial development through the optimal allocation of capital resources and the provision of better and more efficient services, the field of innovative activities. Improves and increases economic efficiency and ultimately leads to the growth of neighboring areas.

Iran's provinces have experienced high inflationary pressures over the past few decades. This paper models the dynamics of inflation in terms of spatial effects between Iranian provinces using the hybrid Phillips New Keynesian Curve during the period (1392-1380). The results show that, the Phillips Keynesian curve is suitable for investigating the dynamics of inflation in Iran's provinces. Findings indicate that provinces focus on setting prices of their goods based on a combination of forward looking and backward looking rules, and that forward looking behaviors will have a stronger effect on the rate of inflation in the current period. Also in each province, the output gap as representative of the actual variables has an effect on the inflation rate of its current period. Finally, considering the significance of spatial auto-correlation between Iran's provinces, output gap, expected and lagged inflation rates in adjacent provinces have negative effects on the current inflation rate of the neighboring provinces.

Sometimes, in econometrics problems the observations are not independent, so that their dependence is due to the location of observations in the studied space. To analyze these data are used the spatial regression models. Due to the large number of parameters in these models are used the iteration algorithms to obtain the maximum likelihood estimations, so that it encounters problems such as the complexity of the calculation. In addition in economic studies, the number of observation is large and it seems useful to use the Bayesian approach. The main purpose is using the Bayesian and the Likelihood approaches to estimate the parameters of the three spatial econometric models. Then, comparing the performance of these two approaches, as well as comparing the performance of these three spatial regression models and finally the three models are implemented on two real data. It is observed that the results of the Bayesian approach are more credible than the likelihood approach in these type of econometric models.