The bulk of studies on the Umayyad era have highlighted the Arabism of the Umayyad governors and agents and their contempt for non-Arabs. Nevertheless, in the Umayyad bureaucracy, the Iranian characteristics inherited from the Sassanid period and the activities of the Iranian bureaucrats are clearly visible. The Umayyads were indebted to the pre-Islamic bureaucracy of Iran not only on the account of their ignorance and organizational demands, but also due to the skills and competencies of the Iranians in this domain. This paper, by considering criteria such as explicit reports in these sources regarding the Iranian origin of bureaucrats and also signs that lend credit to this argument, seeks to identify bureaucratic Iranians in this period. By doing so, this paper challenges Umayyad Arabism inherent in the bureaucracy governing eastern lands of the Caliphate.

Timur’ s era was the time of the conquest and evolution of the empire during which a military aristocracy played the most salient role in the structure of power. In Shahrukh’ s era, a kind of structural transformation occurred in the nature and manner of the exertion of power that could be considered as the passing of the power of Timurid Empire from a military-dominated discourse to a military-civil structured power. In this era, it seems that, for the first time throughout Iran’ s history, the governors and military agents distanced from the merely military functions and permanent stances of the men of the sword by engaging themselves in administrative and executive activities. The present study thus employed a descriptive analytic method to not only ponder on the administrative structure of the Timurid period, and the effort to a conflict between the literati and the men of the sword but also to address the major question of what the effects of the transformation of the political structure and the institutionalization of the Timurid power in Shahrukh’ s era on the function and stance of the military governors of that period were. The results of the research indicate that in the light of the realistic personality of Shahrukh and the institutionalization of power in his era, the administrative structure was improved so that some governors paid attention to official affairs and created a new political experience in the history of Iran’ s middle period.

Local rulers, politicians, bureaucrats, and writers in Iran after Islam played an important role in preserving Iranian heritage, traditions, and culture. These people, commonly known as Diwanids (officials), have played as mediators between kings and society, and their ideas have been known as Iranshahri thought. In Safavid period, the Diwanids and writers were known as Tajiks and Iranians and their patriotism was due to their Persian-language, lineage, and support for Iranian culture. The behavior of the Tajik class and writers is freedom, liberty, happiness, esotericism, and the pursuit of moral perfection, collectively known as the “ immensity of manner” (Wos’ at Mashrab) which had been the discourse of intellectuals in the period of the 16th and 18th centuries in Safavid history. This discourse helps us to find the causes of some cultural and social issues of that time such as national reconciliation, collective morality, elite migration, and so on. In this study, we have expressed the important structures of immensity of manner discourse, analyzed its Iranian foundations, and by reviewing the beliefs and behaviors of the Tajik agents of the Safavid government, identified and presented the immensity of manner discourse in their behavior. The method used to distinguish Persian cultures and identity was based on the “ Turk and Tajik” binary opposition in the Safavid period, which was extracted from historical texts. Therefore, in order to identify the so-called Tajik group, which is the supporter of Iranian culture and identity, we have paid attention to the Turkish-Tajik confrontation in historical sources.

The Qajars used other measures and policies to protect and govern the territory of the forbidden countries of Iran in the beginning of their rule, in addition to using the power of the sword. The tradition of family rule or the use of members of the royal family as rulers at the state and provincial levels was one of these measures, which had already been used by some former ruling families such as the Seljuks and Safavids. The findings of the study, which was conducted by historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, show that Agha Mohammad Khan, as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, continued the tradition of family rule by employing all members of the royal family as rulers to govern different states and provinces of Iran. Dad and two of his immediate successors, Fath Ali Shah and Mohammad Shah, introduced a kind of innovation in this tradition by restricting the use of members of the royal family to the king's sons and grandsons.

Zoroastrian Society of Iran saw many ups and downs with the collapse of the Sasanian government and the domination of Islam. It was, however, neither dismissed as it was thought nor able to maintain its former authority. The Zoroastrian society sought to make a living by proving that it was the owner of a book and that it is beside the people of Ahle-Kitab, and by paying the ransom or jizyah. Another reason for the Zoroastrians to live longer was their dominance over bureaucratic affairs and preservation until the fifth century AH. They were meticulous and skilled office workers. The government of the Bouyeh, which sought to revive Iranian traditions, gave the Zoroastrian administrative an opportunity. The subject of this essay is an examination of one of the Zoroastrian personalities who served an important role in the time of Baha'u-daulah al-Dilami (c. 379-404 AH). His name is mentioned both in Zoroastrian sources and in Arabic historical texts.

The issue of succession in the Ilkhanate era, under the influence of the authority and the influence of the Mongol military rulers and aristocracy, became a socio-political crisis. Reflection on the influence of the Mongol rulers on the issue of succession and the process of turning it into a socio-political crisis show that the increasing role of the Mongol military rulers in the issue of succession is a result of the sociopolitical and economic-military realities of this period. Accordingly, the greater our distance from the founding of the Ilkhans to their Muslim period, the smaller the role of the Mongol emirs and aristocracy in the issue of succession, and instead the role of the Iranian bureaucracy in the succession crisis increases. This study thus aimed to investigate and explain the same pattern and the various components involved in its formation and continuation. The hypothesis of this research is that from the establishment of the patriarchal government until the coming to power of Ghazan, military commanders played an important and irreplaceable role in the issue of succession. However, with the coming to power of Ghazan, the conversion of the Ilkhans to Islam, and the rise to power of the Iranian bureaucrats, the role of military commanders in the issue of succession diminished. The results of this study also show that the influence of the Mongol princes in turning the issue of succession into a crisis depended on complex and multiple factors, and with the change in the type of Mongol politics and government in Iran, the pattern of military princes' involvement in the issue of succession also changed.

Good faith is one of the fundamental principles of international law. This principle is among the multi-layered and complex concepts that have always been discussed both in doctrine and in the practice of the International Court of Justice and other international judicial authorities. Court judges have also discussed and cited the concept of good faith in their separate opinions on different occasions. The case of Ukraine against Russia is one of the latest lawsuits filed in the International Court of Justice regarding the interpretation and implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of Genocide. In this article, using the analytical-descriptive method and referring to legal sources and the judgment of the International Court of Justice, while analyzing the case, the position of good faith in the judgment issued by the court in this case has been examined and the results obtained indicate that the International Court of Justice, citing the principle of good faith in the settlement of international claims, has played an effective role in the development of international law

At the beginning of their rule, the Qajars used the tradition of dynastic rule to manage the system of territorial division, but from the period of Naser al-Din Shah, the tradition of dynastic rule to manage that system and the use of princes and members of the royal family in the states and provinces gradually lost color, and the bureaucrats of the time and members of their families, They took the place of princes and members of the royal family in the governance of the states and provinces. In this study, the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical approach were used to try to answer the main question of what were the characteristics of the system of territorial division during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and what were the factors that caused the change of approach from the policy of dynastic rule to the policy of civil rule and what caused the appointment of the ruling judges in the states and provinces. The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach in the field of library studies. The results show that the change of state boundaries and the consolidation of states and provinces under the supervision of a ruler, as well as the creation of new states, were the characteristics of the system of territorial division in this period. The administrators of the administrative system of territorial division during the period of Naser al-Din Shah initially continued the policy of dynastic rule, but due to the harmful results of the dynastic rule policy in the political field as well as the weakening of the financial basis of the central government, they changed the approach from the dynastic rule tradition to the civil rule tradition.

Due to the involvement of various political institutions and agents, the structure of Saljuq dynasty (1040-1193 AD) is unique in comparison to the political structure of other Islamic regimes. "Saljuqnameh" written by Zahir al-din Nishabouri provides a brief objective narration about the establishment and development of Saljuq governmental structure. Nishabouri's detailed attention to the military generals as an important factor in the political changes of this period, and to the attempts by the bureaucrats to curb and control their power and to its use effectively to strengthen the Saljuq Government is an interesting characteristic of the book.This article looks at the dialectic relationship and the intense competition between the military and bureaucratic institutions in Saljuq Dynasty. The secret alliance between military agents and the lack of unity between the bureaucrats prevented the bureaucratic institution to stop the military and break their exclusive domination in power.