The battle of the DJAMAL was planned shortly after the public allegiance to Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) by two of the treaty breakers, Ṭalḥa and Zubair, accompanied by ʿĀʾisha. The planners of the war chose Basra as the battlefield and the Imam led an army towards Basra. Because the Imam's character was based on conversation, clarification, not to initiate war, and ultimatum before the war, he organized oral and possibly written conversations with the war leaders. Historical narratives differ about the addressee of the letter or the conversation between the Imam and the battle of the DJAMAL belligerents. The conflict between historical sources is whether the imam addressed only Ṭalḥa and Zubair or ʿĀʾisha also has been addressed in the letter or whether a separate letter was written to ʿĀʾisha? A few sources are narrating this letter and the sources quoting a separate letter to ʿĀʾisha are even fewer. The strength of these two letters is that both have been mentioned in some sources of the 3rd century AH and their weakness is the few narrative sources. The present article considered the validity of the two letters and organized the difference in sources as much as possible by using the method of text criticism, which is considered to be new but effective in the field of Ḥadīth research.

One of the manifestations of the caliphate of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) is his battles and how he interacted with the non-conformists of that era. Some of the events of these battles need to be explored to clarify their different angles. Narratology and the use of new sciences can help to explain these events. Among the theorists of this field is Algirdas Julien Greimas, who considers the texture of the narrative to be close to the grammatical form of the language and, through ignoring the difference in the content of the story, considers it to have a general shape. To interpret the narrative, Greimas introduces a general plan with six actants to clarify its hidden angles for the audience. This article tries to use the descriptive-analytical method to implement the various elements of this six-part model on Nahj al-Balaghah's narration of Jamal's battle and present a structured understanding of the events of this combat. The results of this implementation show that Nahjul-Balaghah has included significant expressions in all six parts of Greimas'model. The exploration of the propositions of Nahj al-Balaghah shows that the main actants were Talha and Zubair, and other people's actions revolved around their movements and behaviour.

With the departure of the Prophet, considering his peace-centered approach in order to preserve the solidarity of the Islamic society and the Muslims’ unity diluted. However, with the beginning of Imam Ali’s caliphate and his practical commitment to the Quran and the Prophet’s Sunnah, this issue was revived again. A review of the Imam’s performance in his short period of caliphate and a case study of the battle of Camel on the basis of the oldest historical texts shows this fact. Accordingly, the present study’s question is as follows: “What historical documents exist regarding Imam Ali’s performance in the events surrounding the battle of Camel through which one can confirm Imam’s attention to preserving the solidarity of Islamic society and the Muslims’ unity with a peace-centered approach? ” The result of this descriptive-analytical study is that the Imam, in order to prevent schism in the society, used a peace-centered approach to prevent the instigation from turning into a war, while clarifying the conditions for the people and sending envoys to the instigators. He also attempted, after the end of the battle, to avoid violence and have a religion-based behavior with the remainders of the battle, and to have no compromise as to the affairs of the Islamic society (e. g. choosing the rulers) and wrote letters describing the events for the people of Kufa and Medina to preserve the solidarity of the Islamic society and the Muslims’ unity.

The ethical policies of a ruler during his reign will clarify and highlight the pre- and post-government claims Imam Ali's (as) emphasis on the primacy of morality shows that the moral teachings of his caliphate were no different from what was emphasized before his rule. In the Battle of Jaml, as the first war imposed on the Imam, although it had unfortunate consequences, the moral-oriented leadership first tries to prevent the outbreak of war with appropriate moral principles and Even after the war, by behaving and behaving properly with his enemies, he should show that morality-oriented humanity has superiority over immoral religious people. The present article, according to the new theory in the field of leadership theories and by examining the biography of Imam Ali (AS) in a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain to what extent the propositions based on the ethics axis in the Camel War have been able to prove this theory. The findings show that the methods used by the Imam, including dialogue based on specific ethical propositions, attention to reformist demands, preservation of human dignity and protection of the rights of dissidents and dissidents, not based on kinship and history in various political arenas, to repel the conflict that has occurred in society with the ethical behavior of the ruler.

During the reign of Imam Ali (AS), the majority’s perspective and approach towards religion and worldly matters had significantly diverged from that of Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) time. Imam Ali (AS) strived to steer society back to the traditions of the Prophet’s era through his governmental actions and reforms. However, the deeply ingrained pre-Islamic traditions in people’s beliefs thwarted his achievement of Islamic and humanitarian objectives. The present research, employing a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of how the Islamic society reverted to pre-Islamic traditions after the Prophet, and the impact this had on the wars during Imam Ali’s (AS) reign. The response is that pre-Islamic traditions, which remained in Islamic society after the Prophet’s era, caused a regression to pre-Islamic times. This regression, particularly during the reign of the three Caliphs, was marked by a significant revival of retrogressional standards. During Imam Ali’s (AS) reign, these traditions caused the perspective and approach of the majority towards religion and worldly matters to be out of sync with his philosophy and motivations. This difference in perspective prevented Imam Ali (AS) from achieving his Islamic and humanitarian goals.

The creation of various sciences in different times has led to the influence of literature. In this regard, the poets, using a variety of sciences, used certain basics to understand their subject matter. One of these foundations was the calculus of mathematics and mathematics that, with the advancement of mathematical science, turned into a new way of expressing intentions. Anvari is one of the poets who combine sentence and mathematical accounting with literature and express their concepts in the form of the discussed topics. His enumeration of mathematical and mathematical accounts led to the understanding of many issues in order to understand the poet's purpose well. He has also combined his wishes and even his admiration for his age with his calculus and mathematical calculus, which has made it difficult to understand many of his abilities In this research, while identifying verses from Anwari Divan in which the subject of mathematical science and arithmetic are discussed, we have analyzed the basics of the mentioned sciences in his poems, and by interpreting each of them, we have explained the meanings of the verses and the poet's intention to the audience.

The book of al-Jamel was written to prove the legitimacy of Imam 'Ali in the Battle of Jamel. Theological views of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid's contemporary sects on this event impressed and persuaded him to write about the Battle of Jamel and selecting of historical narratives about it. The question is what intellectual conditions influenced Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid to gathere the narratives of the Jamal and to write this book? Based on the textual analysis of al-Jamal's text, this study shows that Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid was against the two beliefs spreading in the society of the legitimacy of the performance of Companions of the Prophet at the head of the two armies as well as the theory of “ Legitimate heads/ Illegitimate companions” . He wrote his work on three axes: the explicit deviation of Jamel fighters from the orders of the Islamic religion; their insistence on war, their rejection of ijtihad and their repentance; the virtues and supereminence of Imam 'Ali.