New Social Movements: A Case Study of Emerging Environmental Movements Abstract The term modern social movements is used to describe movements that were active in France in the late 1960s through collective action in the social sphere. The most important new social movements are the civil rights movement, the women's movement, the peace movement and the environmental movement. The rapid growth of industrial and capitalist societies, regardless of environmental degradation, has created many problems. The most important problems are soil erosion, resource reduction, ozone depletion, greenhouse effects, extinction of animal and plant species and various types of soil and climate pollution. The combination of these factors has provided the basis for the formation and activation of environmental movements. The present paper tries to answer the question of how emerging environmental movements can be analyzed in the form of new social movements? And what are their effects on new social movements? Therefore, with the qualitative interpretive method, and the method of case studies, it examines the nature and why of emerging environmental movements. The research findings show that environmental crises and the need to solve environmental problems that have become a pervasive and global crisis, have provided the basis for the formation, activity and impact of emerging environmental movements. Therefore, in order to deal with the existing crises, emerging environmental movements first informed and increased public awareness, and then created pro-environmental organizations and groups, and finally, by entering In the field of politics, and using new tools and methods, they have expressed their demands and protests in a peaceful and non-violent way, in order to force governments to respond and finally enter directly into The field of politics as influential groups and political parties in the field of public policy. As a result, the volume and scope of social power and the political influence of emerging environmental movements have led to the revitalization and enrichment of new social movements; in a way that today they can be identified and analyzed as powerful social forces and influential actors in the field of political sociology. Keywords: New Social Movements, Emerging Environmental Movements, Social Forces, Methods of Action, Political Nature.

The present article is an attempt to provide a new and comprehensive definition for “new religious movements” based on the previous definitions. The assumption is that the requirements of such a definitions have their own limitations; however, the author has managed to propose two different definitions based on his investigation of the two previous approaches to define “new religious movements”; that is, “definitions by analyzing the purports” and “definitions by referring to instances”. The author demonstrates that the first approach provides an exact definition of a certain religious movement as an instance and the second provides a general and universal definition by focusing on the common elements of new religious movements. The conclusion is that the first approach lack comprehensiveness as a prerequisite for its application to all sects. The second approach should be preferred as it manages to overcome the limitations of the first approach.

The emphasis on content in “ New Art” , made me review the dominant thoughts and ideas which had affected the canon according to the morals’ philosophy approach. Considering the relation of art and moralities, very strong and complicated connections and bonds exist which the contemporary aesthetics and the relation of art with human life with this regard could be extracted by relying on philosophers and theorists’ ideology, specifically the contemporary philosophers and theorists. Hereof, this survey tries to study the “ New Art” based on the thoughts and ideology which had been presented by Levinas about morals’ philosophy. Levinas, a French-Lithuanian intellectual, whose ideas specifically in the realm of moralities are thought provoking and worth studying. This morality philosopher, declares that confronting with the “ Other” is the alienation of “ Phenomenology” and believes that this phenomenon is the end of subject’ s Virility and championship. The researcher studied the art in the last few decades according to Levinas viewpoint and the moral aspect, and after the survey, she found out there is a connection between “ learning audience” in the New Art and the “ Other” by Levinas and herewith, this study aims to focus on the integration aspect of the “ Other” in Levinas’ philosophy and the “ New Art” .

One of the distinguishing and highlighting characteristics of the current era is the rise and prevalence of very diverse and new spiritual movements and trends that have created a new identity for themselves presenting new interpretations of existence, man and life. The increasing prevalence and expansion of these new spiritual trends prompts us to look into the causes of their rise and spread. Most sociologists have introduced these spiritual trends as new religions. Therefore, I have first tried to find the definition of this type of religion; then I will examine the causes and factors of the rise and spread of these spiritualities - according to the definitions provided - by observing, analyzing and explaining the existing data, both within these emerging movements and with regard to the different conditions of today's society. Then I will evaluate modernism and postmodernism, and discuss the negation of tradition and the development of individualism. I will also discuss how postmodernism is a radicalized version of modernity in some of its characteristics, and how it has provided the basis for all kinds of spiritual explanations by negating the existence of an independent and conscious subject and negating any kind of meta-narrative. Then I will discuss the following causes and factors: the lack of meaning in life and dissatisfaction with the modern lifestyle, identity crisis, the existence of new technologies such as the internet, etc. Finally I will mention the movements formed in the context of modernity, which are in line with it and try to help its aims.

For finding a correct and precise label to new spiritual movements, it is necessary to define religion and mysticism. It is apparent that religion is experience of numinous encounter and accommodation with it. Religion manifests itself in a set of practical, speculative and social dimensions. Mysticism only refers to esoteric attitude in the realm of a tradition. Mysticism is an intuitive insight to religious teachings and this insight is often monotheistic. All of the dimensions of religion are there in new spiritual groups and movements. So, we can in a justifiable manner, name these movements, "religion". "New spiritualities" aren't a kind of attitude to religions. Indeed, they are opponents of religion and assume themselves as independent doctrinal systems. Because of their claims about completeness for happiness, felicity and salvation, these systems can be more properly named "religion" than "mysticism".

Emerging cosmetic practices represent a novel issue that, given their increasing prevalence in society, necessitates a fiqhi examination and the articulation of relevant legal rulings. There exists a divergence of opinion among Islamic jurists regarding the permissibility of these practices; some uphold their legality, while others assert their prohibition. This research, conducted through a descriptive-analytical approach, yields the following conclusions: Regarding the instances of emerging cosmetics, outside of cases of necessity, these practices involve the execution of haram (forbidden) prerequisites or the omission of wajib (obligatory) acts, and they may also entail negative effects and harm to the body. Additionally, they can be viewed as manifestations of ostentation and self-display within society. Through the clarification of the relevant criteria and the derivation of legal principles, it can be inferred that these practices are, by extension, prohibited. The arguments presented in favor of permissibility appear insufficient to counter the evidence supporting prohibition, thus rendering the reasoning for permissibility incomplete.

The UNEP is at the heart of the current United Nations environmental structure and is the most important international environmental institution. The present study, due to the increasing prevalence of environmental problems, seeks to answer this fundamental question: has the UNEP, among a multitude of environmental norms and the multiplicity of related institutions, been able to play a pivotal role in international environmental governance in practice? Has its environmental performance met expectations? The present article will conclude that despite all the successes recorded in the available statistics and reports, the current structure of the UNEP cannot meet the environmental problems of the planet and it is unable to manage efficiently the planet's environmental problems and be able to monitor the performance of governments on the environmental commitments. Therefore, several suggestions have been made in this regard.