Pear psylla [Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] is one of the important pest of pear trees. Understanding of effective factors on population structure and stability of the pest is the first step in selection and development of resistant pear cultivars. This research was conducted from 2020 to 2023. Nine pears cultivars including: Boheme, Shah Miveh, Natanzi, Sebri, Dargazi, Louis Bonne, Harvest Queen, Potomac, and Coscia were studied. The Pear psylla populations were sampled from early March to November. Leaf traits were also studied. The results showed that the highest and the lowest population stability of in the egg in cv. Shah Miveh and cv. Natanzi were 470.4 and 33.7 in October and May, respectively. The highest cross-correlation coefficient (0.91-0.92) of color indices including R (red), G (green), and B (blue and yellow) observed in May, and for the leaf surface are was 0.74 in June. The lint density had significant effect on the population stability from the beginning of the season until August.These traits can be used to screen resistance pear cultivar against pear psylla. Keywords: Pear, adult insect, leaf surface area, lint density, esistance. IntroductionThe pear psylla [(Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] is an important pest of pear trees and has a worldwide distribution (Luo et al., 2012). In the climatic conditions of Iran, where spring and summer are dry and rainfall is low, the indirect damage caused by honeydew is more than the damage caused by sucking plant sap (Behdad, 1991). Researches that have been conducted on different pests have shown that leaf morphological characteristics, such as leaf size, leaf thickness, presence of villi, thickness of cuticle, presence of waxy material on the epidermis, color, chlorophyll content, water content, overall shape, and other traits are effective on pest population changes during growing season (Khalil et al., 2017; Rutledge et al., 2003). Understanding the effective factors that drive changes in population structure and stability is the initial step in selection and development resistant pear cultivars. The characteristics of the host plant affect the abundance, structure, stability and diversity of the pest population (Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2001). Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effect of morphological characteristics of leaf of nine pear cultivars on population structure and stability of pear psylla and their relationship in different growth stages of pear psylla. Materials and MethodsNine pear cultivars including: Boheme, Shah Miveh, Natanzi, Sebri, Dargazi, Louise Bonne, Harvest Queen, Potomac, and Coscia were used in this study. This research was conducted from 2020 to 2023. Data of the population of different stages of development of psylla pear was scored at the peak of its activity, i.e. from the beginning of April to November, every seven days. From each cultivar, 10 leaves were randomly selected from the crown’s lower, middle, and upper parts. The monthly average of the effective population at different growth stages and the percentage of each stage relative to the total population density were calculated. The population stability index for the active pear psylla population on each pear cultivars was estimated. The leaf color index including R (red), G (green), and B (blue and yellow) were determined using the mobile phone software called Color Grab 3.9.2 with constant light and at a distance of 15 cm from the leaf surface. A relatively accurate leaf surface area was estimated using the mobile phone software Easy Leaf Area. The leaf chlorophyll content was evaluated using the OPTi-Sciences CCM-200 chlorophyll meter. Results and DiscussionThe maximum population density in the first and second activity periods was 242.3 and 359.3, respectively. The minimum density in the first and second activity periods was 73.2 and 175.5, respectively. The lowest and highest percentage of egg density in the population structure was recorded at 16% and 18 %, respectively, in May and September. The highest and lowest population stability, in different growth stage, of pear psylla eggs were in cv. Shah Miveh (470.4 eggs) and cv. Natanzi (33.7eggs), in October and May respectively. The highest and the lowest population stability index of nymphs and beloged to cv. Shah Miveh (2.2 nymphs) and cv. Dargazi (8.6 nymphs), in October and May respectively. The highest and lowest population stability index of adult insects recorded in cv. Shah Miveh (126.5 adult insects) and cv. Darghazi (3.3 adult insect), respectively.Leaf color indices (R, G, and B) with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9, leaf surface area index and lint density with correlation coefficients of -0.84 and 0.63, respectively, had significant relationship with the population stability index of pear psylla. Considering the resuts of this study, it was found that different leaf characteristics, especially color and lint density, were highly effective on population density and stability indices of pear psyll. These characteristics can be used in pear breeding programs for selction and development of new resistant cutivars to pear psylla. ReferencesBehdad, E. 1991. Iran pests of fruit trees (2nd edition), Bahman Nashr Press, Esfahan, Iran, 826 pp. (in Persian).Khalil, H., Raza, A. B. M., Afzal, M., Aqueel, M. A., Khalil, M. S. and Mansoor, M. M. 2017. Effects of plant morphology on the incidence of sucking insect pests complex in few genotypes of cotton. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(4), pp.344-349. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.003Luo, X., Li, F., Ma, Y. and Cai, W. 2012. A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis. Zootaxa, 3489(1), pp.58-80. DOI: 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3489.1.4Rutledge, C. E., Robinson, A. P. and Eigenbrode, S. D. 2003. Effects of a simple plant morphological mutation on the arthropod community and the impacts of predators on a principal insect herbivore. Oecologia, 135, pp.39-50. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-1114-2Steffan-Dewenter, I., Münzenberg, U. and Tscharntke, T. 2001. Pollination, seed set and seed predation on a landscape scale. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 268(1477), pp.1685-1690. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1737

The border regions of West Azerbaijan have unstable demographic conditions (quantitative and qualitative) due to weak development conditions. Changes in the demographic structure of urban and rural settlements in the border regions of the province follow the development and security conditions of these areas. The purpose of the present study is to assess the level of the superstructure, infrastructure and management of borderline growth and identify the impact of Development Indicators on Demographic Stability. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is consists of residents of all villages and border towns of the province. Sample volume was extracted from Cochran formula and classified by random sampling method. The results show that the growth of management, infrastructure and superstructure indicators significantly predict population growth and have a significant relationship with them. In other words, by increasing a standard deviation in the growth indexes, will increase the population growth rate to 118% of the standard deviation. However, there is no solid relationship between the growth of the indicators of management, infrastructure and suppression and security. Because their significance at the 95% confidence level is more than 0. 05. Also, the results of spatial analysis in different cities indicate that growth indices differ in all dimensions in different border regions. The F value at 95% confidence level is 27. 41 in the management growth dimension and its significant value is zero.

Introduction: In the last decade particular attention has been paid to the proximal part of the kinetic chain in purpose of improving performance and preventing sports injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of proximal stability training on dynamic postural control in male parkourers. Methods: 30 men Professional Parkourers in Alborz province were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into the experimental group (age=21. 07± 2. 46, height=175. 10± 5. 35, mass=67. 33± 9. 27) and control group (age=20. 20± 2. 31, height=175. 93± 4. 65, mass=67. 33± 8. 45) in this semi-experimental study. The experimental group took eight weeks of proximal stability training. The protocol was performed three times per week while the control group performed their routine training. Dynamic postural stability was evaluated using the anterior/posterior and medial/lateral time to stabilization during single-leg jump landing by force plate, Single-leg Triple Hop and Y balance tests before and after training. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings: The results of covariance showed a significant difference between experimental and control groups in the mean scores of Single-leg Triple Hop in either dominant (P=0. 000) and non-dominant limbs (P=0. 002), Y balance in either dominant (P=0. 00) and non-dominant limbs (P=0. 00), and time to stabilization in medial-lateral (P=0. 001), and anterior-posterior (P=0. 001). Discussion and Conclusion: Given the nature of the parkour sport and the need for postural control at high levels, it is recommended that these athletes use proximal stability exercises to improve postural control and ultimately improve their overall performance in parkour.

The aim of this research was to compare dimensions of employees’ performance in Physical Education departments with management stability and instability in Iran. The group of managers consisted of 90 people. To sample from the employees in the Departments of Physical Education, out of 2779 people in departments having management stability, (Relating to 16 provinces) 338, and out of 2475 employees in departments having management instability, (Relating to 14 provinces), 331were randomly selected. The research instrument was standard questionnaire of performance. To analyze the gathered data, inferential statistics such as Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Leuven test, independent t test (t) and Friedman were used. The results of the research showed that there is a meaningful difference between the mean scores of the dimensions and subscales of the employees performance (staff abilities, clarity of roles, organizational support, employee motivation, evaluation, validation and environment staff abilities, clarity of roles, organizational support, employee motivation, evaluation, validation and environment) at Physical Education Departments of offices with management stability and those with management instability.