We describe a case of orbital apex syndrome due to Perineural Spread (PNS) of forehead Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). This type of tumor spread occurs rarely and has a highly aggressive nature. Therefore, the high level of suspicion for perineural invasion is required and early diagnosis increases the likelihood of success in treatment.

Schwannoma is a benign tumor of nerve sheath origin. It is commonly found in the head and neck, mediastan, retroperitoan and flexor surfaces of the extremities. Schwannoma's occurrence in the breast is rare with only a few cases being reported in women and is even less frequent in men. This case study introduces a 57 years old male breast schwannoma and reviews other reported cases and compare with them.

Background and Aim: Early diagnosis of brain tumors according to ocular symptoms is important considering the fact that sometimes ocular finding is the first presentation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate ocular findings in patients with brain tumors. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study 100 patients with documented brain tumors that were operated on in Ghaem Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, were reviewed and the ocular findings were analyzed statistically. Results: Out of 100 patients, 41 were male and 59 were female with the mean age of 32 years. Bilateral papilledema in 56%, unilateral papilledema in 9%, visual field effect in 14%, unilateral optic disc atrophy in 15%, petosis in 2%, proptosis in 3%, six nerve palsy in 12% and third nerve palsy in 3% of cases were found. Conclusion: Due to the fact that ocular findings are sometimes the first symptom to occur in patients with brain tumors and these patients may refer to an ophthalmologist or optometrist so early diagnosis and referral to a neurosurgeon can be helpful.

Background and objectives: The orbital complication of paranasal sinusitis is rare, but any delay in diagnosis may leads to visual loss and is life threatening. Periorbital cellulitis primarily affects the young children. This study was conducted to evaluate the treatment outcomes.Materials and Methods: In this case series, 42 consecutive patients with orbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis in two University-Hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences managed from June 1998 to Feb 2001were reviewed. Visual acuity with correction, clinical signs, methods of paraclinical and treatment were through a questionnaire. All Patients had similar findings: periorbital edema, erythema, proptosis and pain.Results: Fifty seven point one percent of patients were male and 42.9 percent were female. The patients’age ranged from 7 months to 68 years (50.1% were under ten years). Thirty three cases received medical and surgical treatments. The most common involved sinuses were maxillary and ethmoid (18 patients). After treatment, 78.6 percent of patients acquired complete recovery in the first week with penicillin G and metronidazole.Conclusion: Orbital cellulitis treated with antibiotics, but subperiosteal abscess is usually treated by incision and drainage and parentral antibiotics. CT and MRI commonly used in the diagnosis of orbital infections. Orbital cellulitis is a relatively common and potentially serious disease in children. Early surgical intervention is indicated if there is a risk of visual loss, or if no improvement is observed within 48 hours of starting medical therapy.  

Purpose: To determine the distribution of oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nerve palsies in diabetic patients with ocular nerve palsy.Methods: This study was performed on all diabetic patients who referred to ophthalmology and neurology clinics at Yazd Medical Science University because of ocular palsy from March 2004 to October 2005. Signs and symptoms of the disorder were evaluated.Results: Palsies included oculomotorpalsy in 51/2%, trochlear palsy in 24.4%, abducens palsy in 19.5%, and simultaneous palsies in 4.9%. The most common symptoms were diplopia (85.4%), abnormal head posture (63.4%), blurred or disturbed vision (9.8%) and other problems 12.2%). The mostcommonsigns were exotropia (36.6%), hypertropia (24.4%), esotropia (19.5%) and mixed typedeviations (19.5%).Conclusion: The study revealed that more than half of diabetic ocular palsies are due to coulometer palsy and the main symptom in these patients is diplopia.

Malignant primary cardiac tumors are rare and have dismal prognosis. we report a 48-year-old man with dyspnea, chest pain and cough. He underwent sternotomy and open cardiac surgery and resection of heart mass. Pathology report was malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. This is the first report in our university.

Background: This descriptive study attempts to investigate the late concurrent ophthalmic pulmonary, coetaneous, and psychiatric complications caused by exposure to the chemical agents.Materials &Methods: 476 chemical agent patients from Marrivan who aged 21-60 were randomly selected to participate in this study, in order to classify their different complications into mild, moderate and severe.Results: 47.7% of the patients were female, while 52.3% were male. 89.9% were married, but 10.1% were single. 95.4% were exposed to the chemical gases once, 95.4% twice, 3.1% for three times and 0.2% four times and more. Since 89.3% had primary eye symptoms and 96.6% suffered respiratory, 90.8% dermal and 52.5% psychiatric symptoms, 96.3% of the patients used ophthalmic medications and 86.1% took is respiratory, 82.6% dermal and 52.5% neural medications. Moreover, the ophthalmic complications were classified as 25.8% mild, 0.2% moderate, but no severe case 74% did not show any ophthalmic ones. In addition, the respiratory complications were divided into 31.9% mild, 0.2% moderate. However, 67.9% didn't have any respiratory complications. In case of dermal ones, the complications were grouped as 23.1% mild and 0.2% moderate and 76.6% as none of these. Furthermore, the psychiatric complications were categorized as 46.6% mild, 0.2% moderate, but 53.2% were not included in any degrees of complication.Conclusions: Late ocular, pulmonary, coetaneous, and psychiatric complications of chemical agents were observable after seventeen to twenty - two years of exposure to these weapons. Among all, the psychiatric symptoms were more problematic.

In spite of increasingly utilizing high speed machining (HSM), the conventional tool path generation methods which are based on linear/circular blocks by applying standard strategies like parallel, z constant and Iso are usually employed in practice. Even though these tool-paths are employed by non-linear interpolators they have inherent limitations for HSM applications. This paper presents a new method for tool path generation in terms of NURBS. In order to increase the continuity of machining in HSM, a helical topology tool path in terms of NURBS is developed. This method reduces the number of CNC blocks up to five times. This algorithm creates a 2D-horizontal guide plane by offsetting the contour edges of the design surface. After that the inside offset of the contour is generated at a computed distance and then the contour and all its offsets are projected on the CL-surface. Finally, the tool-paths are approximated with NURBS approximation algorithm. The algorithm is designed to minimize the number of control points. An example of proposed approach consisting the comparison of the conventional method and verification is given.

In this paper, humidity advection maps of sea level and 850 hpa and geopotential height of sea level pressure and 500 hpa level were drawn and studied for 5 types of above 100 mm precipitation in the Bushehr province.Analyses of humidity advection maps showed that humidity resources for these precipitations are tropical regions of the eastern Africa, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Adan Gulf, Oman Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The major courses of moisture entrance to the region are southern, south-eastern and south-western directions.On the surface level, the Siberian and Saudi Arabian high pressure systems, the east European dynamic low pressure center, the Sudan low pressure system and European high pressure center, and in the lower and middle levels of atmosphere the east Saudi Arabian anticyclone, north Africa trough and Spain anticyclone systems are the effective systems for transferring of humidity to the Bushehr region.