The maritime transport industry, often referred to as the backbone of global trade, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the movement of goods across international markets. Despite its importance, the industry is plagued by several persistent challenges that hinder its operational efficiency and sustainability. Among the most critical are the imbalance of empty containers, environmental degradation due to emissions and fuel consumption, and inefficiencies in port operations. These issues collectively pose serious implications for cost management, environmental impact, and service reliability. In an effort to address these concerns, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective mathematical model that seeks to optimize three primary goals in an integrated manner: maximizing economic profitability, minimizing the imbalance of empty containers, and enhancing environmental sustainability. The model is designed to reflect real-world shipping dynamics, incorporating the interactions between liner and feeder ships, multiple sea routes, and various types of ports, including hub, feeder, and satellite ports. To demonstrate the practical applicability and robustness of the model, a case study is conducted on a representative shipping network involving selected ports in the Middle East and East Asia. The model is implemented using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), and its outputs are analyzed across three distinct time periods. Results indicate a significant reduction in the number of empty containers, along with concurrent improvements in both cost-effectiveness and environmental performance indicators. Additionally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis underscores the pivotal role of ship capacity in influencing system outcomes. However, it also reveals that improvements in a single dimension are insufficient for holistic system optimization. Effective and sustainable management of maritime transport requires a multidimensional strategy that balances economic, environmental, and operational factors. The proposed model offers valuable insights for decision-makers aiming to improve the resilience and sustainability of global shipping networks.

In the discussions about social and economic justice, the criterion of choosing an approach is the effect which justice exerts on theoretical and practical aspects. This idea increases the importance of exploring Islam's approach to justice, and balance. The present paper examines the hypothesis of conformity in martyr Șadr and Motahhari's views on balance in order to make explicit Islam's approach to balance. The research which relies on a library method, comes up with three main results: first, according to martyr Sadr's approach, balance is based on two principles: reducing great inequalities and earning an income which ensures a respectable standard of living. Second, martyr Motahhari's approach represents his views on natural rights. Third, there is no inconsistency between martyr Sadr's approach and that of martyr Motahhari's, in spite of some unfounded claims.

Despite the importance of the concept of rights to protect individual existence and the institution of public interest to protect collective life, and of course the necessity of not ignoring these two as the two wings of flight in the path of achieving justice, the question of which takes precedence is unavoidable. Since absolutely no one agrees with anarchy, the rights of citizens cannot be considered unlimited, even in completely conventional conditions. Therefore, a balance must be established between individual claims and collective demands. However, it should be noted that balance is not a static and stable process, but dynamic, changing and flexible. Therefore, it seems that the main advantage of the "balance model" compared to other methods of conflict resolution is its flexibility and high sensitivity to the context of the discussion. But what is undoubtedly necessary and has been the constant concern of the authors of the upcoming article, is that the motto of balance and balance is exposed to theorizing and analyzing carefully, and its practical applications are determined to some extent. For this purpose, the explanation of the general content of the balance theory and its subsequent introduction of the triple tests, and of course how to use them, puts the claim of this article on a firmer footing.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the emergence of private property and the constitutional revolution in Iran by using the social order approach with qualitative research methods. The results show that the Iranian social order during this period was a fragile order with limited access. The authoritarian system distributed land rents among elites and deviated from the security of property rights by creating insecurity to secure its benefits. During the reign of Shah Nasereddin, drought shocks led to tax cuts and forced governments to sell off lands. On the other hand, the connection to international trade through the export of agricultural products led to the reallocation of capital to the land business. These events led to an expansion of private property in the form of large landholdings. According to the theory of double equilibrium, economic and political systems cannot differ in the long run. Thus, at the beginning of the constitutional revolution, private landowners joined the movement. The codification of principles (15), (16) and (17) in the constitutional amendment and the abolition of vassalage guaranteed their property rights. Therefore, in political terms, the social order changes to a basic order with limited access, and the dual equilibrium is restored.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the emergence of private property and the constitutional revolution in Iran by using the social order approach with qualitative research methods. The results show that the Iranian social order during this period was a fragile order with limited access. The authoritarian system distributed land rents among elites and deviated from the security of property rights by creating insecurity to secure its benefits. During the reign of Shah Nasereddin, drought shocks led to tax cuts and forced governments to sell off lands. On the other hand, the connection to international trade through the export of agricultural products led to the reallocation of capital to the land business. These events led to an expansion of private property in the form of large landholdings. According to the theory of double equilibrium, economic and political systems cannot differ in the long run. Thus, at the beginning of the constitutional revolution, private landowners joined the movement. The codification of principles (15), (16) and (17) in the constitutional amendment and the abolition of vassalage guaranteed their property rights. Therefore, in political terms, the social order changes to a basic order with limited access, and the dual equilibrium is restored

Introduction: Migraine is the most common type of chronic headache. Stress can trigger migraine and effect on the duration of migraine attacks.. One of the main reasons of job stress is inappropriate job design.The aim of the current study was to investigate the new cases of migraine regarding models of effort-reward imbalance and demand-control imbalance in job.Methods: Two job designs namely effort-reward imbalance and demand-control imbalance models were applied to predict new-onset migraine. Samples were 3338 persons who worked in industrial companies in Iran. Four instruments were used (job stress, ERI questionnaire, demand control and Self-reported questionnaire for migraine) Age and the economic status were used as covariate variables. Binary logistic regression analysis and odd ratio were used for analyzing the data. Statistical analysis was performed in M plus 4.2 Software.Results: The findings indicated that risk of increasing migraine was increased among those with high effort-reward imbalance (odd ratio 1.28 to the reference group) and those who have little control over their jobs (odd ratio 1.11 to the reference group) as well as people who are strongly committed to their work (odd ratio 1.17 to the reference group).Conclusion: Migraine could be produced by inappropriate work design. Therefore, work redesign especially among the persons experienced the effort-reward imbalance may decline new onset migraine.