Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate physical activity and nutritional status in children with precocious puberty.Methods: The current research was of a descriptive-correlation type. The present research population was children aged 7 to 11 years living in Qazvin city, from which 100 people (70 girls and 30 boys) were selected as research participants in a non-probabilistic way. In order to collect data, 24-hour food recall questionnaires, nutritional behavior and IPAQ physical activity questionnaires were used.Results: The findings of the research showed that the amount of physical activity and sleep of children with normal puberty was higher than children with premature puberty (p=0.001). The nutritional status including the consumption of fruit (p=0.006), vegetables (p=0.009), milk (p=0.001) in children with normal puberty was more than children with precocious puberty, while the consumption of fast food (p=0.037) and snacks (p=0.009) was the opposite. The consumption of meat (p=0.124) and bread and cereals (p=0.564) was not significantly different in the two groups. Weight (p=0.005) and height (p=0.022) of children with precocious puberty were more and taller than children with normal puberty. There was no significant difference in the use of electronic devices between children with normal puberty and children with premature puberty (p=0.189).Conclusion: The status of physical activity, nutrition (consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk) and sleep in children with normal puberty was better than children with precocious puberty. Children with normal puberty had healthier lives.

Background and Aims: Improper feeding is one of the most important etiologic factors in early childhood caries (ECC). In some clinical trials, breast feeding (BF) is mentioned as a causing factor in ECC. Results in this topic are different or even controversial. It is vital that all general advices given out are consistent with general health education messages. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the relationship between breast feeding and early childhood caries.Materials and Methods: Articles, guidelines, related books, and specific databases such as SID, PubMed, Scirus, Elsevier, American Association of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), American Association of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Dental Association (ADA) were searched for related topics cited since 1990. Early childhood caries definition, breast feeding and other variables such as sample size, study location and study design were analyzed.Results: According to data analysis, there was a lack of methodological consistency and inconsistent definitions of ECC and BF in the literature making it difficult to draw conclusions. Results about relationship between prolonged BF and ECC were inconclusive. There was a positive relationship between nocturnal BF and ECC. A history of BF did not have any effect on the caries incidence.Conclusion: Because of the role of breast feeding in children’s health, it is important to inform the parents about the possibility of dental caries due to nocturnal breast feeding.

Background: Postoperatively, early enteral feeding has been associated with reduced protein-store depletion, improved wound healing, and a positive psychological impact, resulting in faster recovery. Thus, early oral feeding after abdominal surgery has been the goal of surgeons for several decades.Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of early oral feeding as compared with those placed on a delayed feeding schedule in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.Material and Methods: This was a prospective randomized study of 80 women who were undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. They were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and compared with delayed postoperative oral feeding. Women were divided in two groups. Patients in the early feeding group received oral diet within 6-8 hours of surgery, but those in the control group were given nothing by mouth for 18- 24 hours. They were given clear liquids, and were advanced to solid food on the second or third postoperative day.We reviewed the gastrointestinal outcomes and hospital stays.Results: Eighty women were studied, with assigned 40 versus 40 to each group. Two groups were similar in age, disease and surgical length. In early-fed patients nausea was more developed (43% versus 22.4%, p=0.006). Despite this, vomiting, abdominal distention, length of post operative ileus, need of nasogastric tube use were comparable in both groups. Time to development of bowel sound (1.7±1.1 days vs 2.2±1.1 days, p=0.007), time to initiation of solid diet (1.8±1.2 days vs. 2.9±1.4 days, p<0.0001)and hospital stay (2.3±1 days vs. 3.9±1.3 days, p<0.003) were significantly sooner in the early feeding group.Conclusions: Early postoperative feeding in abdominal hysterectomy seems to be safe, well tolerated, and may lead to earlier hospital discharge. Key Words: Postoperative Feeding, Early Oral Feeding, Abdominal Hysterectomy, Nutrition.Acknowledgment:All physicians and co-workers in Imam reza hospital, department of obs&gyn, that kindly helped us.

Background and Objective: Due to fears of postoperative complications following upper gastrointestinal surgeries (UGI), fasting before bowl function recovery is a traditional practice, but fasting following elective surgery is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare early oral feeding versus traditional oral feeding in patients who underwent UGI surgeries.Materials and Methods: Fifty two patients who underwent UGI anastomosis or surgery for various reasons were randomly divided into early oral feeding (EOF) group and traditional oral feeding (TOF) group. The nasogastric tube (NGT) removal time, tolerance of oral feeding, ileuses, nausea and vomiting, vital sign before and after surgery, postoperative stay, patients. satisfaction and complications were recorded.Results: The mean time of NGT removal was 1.62±0.49 and 4.61±1.99 days in EOF group and TOF group respectively (p=0.0005). The mean start time of oral feeding was 2.04 ± 0.19 and 5.87 ± 1.32 days in the EOF group and TOF group respectively (p=0.0005). Tolerance of oral feeding was seen in 24 (92.3%) patients and 21 (91.3%) patients in the EOF and TOF groups respectively. Duration of hospital stay following surgery was 5.62 days in the EOF group and 8.04 days in the TOF group. 24(92.3%) out of 26 patients in the EOF group were satisfied with oral feeding that started in the second postoperative day. 13 patients (56.5%) complained of delay feeding in the TOF group.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that early oral feeding following upper gastrointestinal anastomosis or surgery is safe and can result in a shorter hospital stay and less cost.

Traditionally, surgeons believe that patients should receive a physician-dieted regimen for gradual expansion of their diets following major gynecologic surgeries including cesarean section and hysterectomy. Nowadays, based on clinical trials, this belife is under serious questions. Some studies have specially shown that early oral feeding is safe and additionally reduces cost and hospital stay in gastrointestinal and colorectal surgeries. However, there is upset about the probable ileus after early oral feeding. The objective of the present study was to compare gastrointestinal symptoms and tolerance to early oral feeding after cesarean section and hysterectomy. By a randomized controlled trial, 122 women under cesarean section and/or hysterectomy were studied in gynecology department of Firoozgar Hospital during 7 months. They were randomly allocated to two groups of early (60 subject), and late (62 subject) oral feeding. Subjects in early oral feeding group received clear liquid diet within 6 hours of delivery or operation. Once 500cc was tolerated, a regular diet was given. The same protocol during 12 to 24 hours after surgery was given to late group. Exclusion criteria were: history of malignancy, bowel obstruction or inflammatory bowel disease and current or previous surgeries with extensive lysis or adhesion of the bowel. Patients were evaluated on a daily basis for bowel sounds, flatus, bowel movement, hunger, nausea, and vomiting. Two groups were compared in terms of hospital stay, nausea and vomiting and post surgery complications. T-test, chisquare, and Fisher's exact tests were used for analyzing data. The demographic characteristics of two groups were similar statistically. There was not any significant difference between groups with regard to hospital stay, and mild ileus incidence. There was more nausea and vomiting proportion in early oral feeding group than that of late group (40% versus 19%). On average, regular regimen is tolerated 4 hours earlier in early oral feeding group than late group (20.9 versus 24 hour), and this difference was statistically significant. Early oral feeding group were earlier in first bowel movement, first post operation flatus and defecation, although these differences were not statistically significant.In conclusion, early oral feeding after cesarean delivery and abdominal hysterectomy is tolerated earlier with a more rapid return to a normal diet and bowel habit.

Background & aim: Early feeding after cesarean section can have beneficial effects, however, no sufficient study has been conducted in this area. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of early feeding on the gastrointestinal complications in women after cesarean section and comparing it with a regular diet.Methods: The present randomized-clinical-trial study was conducted on 160 women who admitted to Shohada hospital and underwent cesarean section in 2011-2012. The inclusion criteria included women with gestational age more than 37 weeks, singleton pregnancy, having at least 8 hours of fasting, and regional anesthesia (spinal cord), respectively. After registration of demographic characteristics and pregnancy, women were randomly divided into two groups: Early feeding (2 hours after completion of the operation, 250 ml filtered juice, tea and biscuits style regime in the next 2 hours and 2 hours after the usual diet) and the usual power (8 hours of operation clear liquid diet the day after the usual diet) groups. Presence of gastrointestinal symptoms in 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours after surgery, time to the bowel sounds auscultation, passage of flatus and stool were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version13.The significance level of p-value was considered<0.05.Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal distension, feeling of flatulence and abdominal cramp) was significantly higher at 2 and 4 hours after operation and in early feeding group and after 8 hrs. in surgery of normal diet respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in symptoms between the two groups observed 12 hours after surgery (p<0.05). The bowel sounds auscultation and passage of flatus were recorded earlier in early feeding group (P=0.001), while the recorded time for passage of stool was not different between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion: Early feeding caused the acceleration of gastrointestinal symptoms, earlier bowel sounds auscultation and earlier utilization of gas. It is recommended to investigate the different diets and examined the level of compliance and satisfaction.

Introduction: Early feeding improves the outcome of patients with trauma and burns, although, few studies have examined its use after gastrointestinal (GI) anastomosis. A randomized controlled trail that compared an early regular diet with the conventional postoperative dietary management to determine GI complications and mortality after major GI anastomosis was conducted. The secondary purpose of this trial was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative ileus after major GI anastomosis with early feeding in comparison with the conventional diet. The purpose of this study was to compare early feeding with traditional postoperative dietary management for improvement of postoperative gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective randomized controlled study. This was a study of 80 patients who were randomly allocated to early feeding beginning with liquid diet, 3 days postoperative, whereas those in the traditional feeding group were given a regular diet with normal bowel sounds.Results: The incidence of postoperative ileus did not differ between the two groups. However, there was no significant difference in the rate of intraoperative complications such as, leakage of anastomosis, mesenteric embolus, wound infection, and wound dehiscence between the groups. Also, there was no Considerable Variation in mortality between the two groups. There was noticeable contracts in time of bedridden between the two groups (p<0.001).Conclusion: Early feeding in GI anastomosis seems to be safe, well tolerated, and was not associated with increased postoperative GI complaints including ileus and postoperative complications such as wound dehiscence, infection, leakage, anastomosis, and mortality.

Introduction: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the oldest plants in Iran and plays a significant role in improving the economic and social status of farmers. However, its production mostly relies on indigenous knowledge (Koocheki et al., 2009), and its yield is considerably lower compared to other producing countries (Koocheki et al., 2012). According to available statistics, there is at least a 70% yield gap in saffron crop in Iran (Koocheki, 2018).Nutrients, especially towards the end of the growing season (Bertheloot et al., 2008; Dordas, 2009), play a crucial role in improving flower yield of saffron. Nutrient availability is considered as one of the most effective factors in promoting the growth of daughter corms (Koocheki et al., 2014; Koocheki & Seyyedi, 2015). This study aimed to assess the impact of potassium (as KTS®) and calcium (as CaTs®) thiosulphates on soil chemical properties, as well as the quantitative yield of saffron such as leaves, daughter corms, and flower of saffron under on-farm conditions. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications under on-farm management in Zaveh, Torbat-e Heydariyeh county, Khorasan-e Razavi, Iran during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons. The treatments included: T1: conventional on-farm management as control, T2: T1+application of 40 liters of KTS per ha three times, T3: T1+application of 20 liters of KTS per ha three times, T4: T1+application of 50 liters of CaTs per ha four times, T5: T1+application of 100 liters of CaTs per ha two times and T6: T1+application of 67 liters of CaTs per ha three times. KTS and CaTs were applied as soil treatment with irrigation. The study assessed several traits, including flower yield indices (such as flower numbers, fresh weight of flower, dried weight of stigma per m2 and stigma length), leaf growth (including leaf length and leaf dried weight), daughter corm yield (such as number of daughter corms, dried weight of daughter corms per m2, daughter corm diameter and mean weight of daughter corm), and soil properties (including pH, EC, total N, available P, and available K). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of potassium fertilizers (KTS) and calcium (CaTs) had a significant effect on various indices related to flowers, and leaves, as well as on the soil chemical properties. T6 had the highest and T5 had the lowest stigma dry weights. Similarly, the highest and lowest number of daughter corms were obtained in T6 and T5 treatments, respectively. The highest leaf length and dry weight of leaves were observed in T6. The highest and lowest of daughter corm numbers (with 7950 and 1865 corms.m-2, respectively) and dried weight of daughter corms (equal to 24579 and 7859 g.m-2, respectively) were belonged to T6 and T5, respectively. Furthermore, the highest and the lowest levels of available potassium content in the soil were observed in the first stage for T4 and conventional management (with 625 and 254 mg.kg-1, respectively), respectively. The highest levels of this characteristic were observed in the second, third, fourth, and fifth stages for T3 (with 671, 697, 723, and 758 mg.kg-1, respectively), while the lowest levels were associated with conventional agricultural management (equal to 233, 217, 201, and 189 mg.kg-1, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results, T6 was identified as the best treatment for saffron farms in Zaveh. The study suggests that paying close attention to the balance of nutrients and chemical parameters of soil can significantly improve crop yield and soil fertility in saffron farms. The application of calcium and potassium thiosulfate fertilizers as soil amendments during the growth season resulted in a decrease in pH and available phosphorus content, as well as an increase in electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, and available potassium content in the soil. Therefore, the use of KTS and CaTs fertilizers as thiosulphate are recommended for achieving sustainable production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where potassium and calcium are crucial for saffron cultivation. To determine the impact of these fertilizers on the intended soil properties, it is advisable to conduct further and more extensive studies on their application in saffron farms.