Background and Aim: Hirsutism is defined as male pattern hair growth in females which affects 10% of women. Our aim was to compare free salivary and free serum testosterone levels in women with hirsutism and healthy controls.Methods: This study was a case-control study in which 30 hirsute women in child bearing age were recruited and compared with 10 healthy controls. For each patient, a questionnaire containing demographic, clinical and laboratory information was completed. The salivary and serum total and free testosterone plus free androgen index were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The collected data were described and analyzed using SPSS software version 11.5. Significance level was determined at 0.05.Results: No significant correlation was seen between salivary and serum free testosterone and in free androgen index with free testosteron in patients and control groups. Comparing the results between case and control groups, except for mean serum total testosterone level (P<0.05), the other results were not significantly different. No significant correlation was seen between hirsutism severity and free serum or salivary testosterone levels. Significant correlation was seen with total serum testosterone (P<0.001). Investigating correlations between these hormones with serum free androgen index, only salivary free testosterone was correlated with this index (r=0.01, P<0.05).Conclusion: In our study, we find no correlation between free serum and salivary testosterone, so it seems that this evaluation method is not an appropriate alternative for serum evaluation of this hormone.

The level of testosterone and the managers' behavioral characteristics such as the manager's lack of sincerity, the interest in deception and misuse of the others, and the lack of presentation of facts in financial reporting, are some of the major issues in financial studies. As these behaviors can lead to an increase in the difference between the utility function of managers and the other stockholders in a firm. Therefore, based on this argument, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a CEO's facial head-to-face ratio as one of the testosterone test criteria on the fraudulent financial reporting of the firm. The sample consists of 86 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over the years 2013-2017. Data are tested using the logistic regression model. The results of this study show that the CEO's high level of testosterone increases the fraudulent financial reporting of the company.

Since the testosterone level has a significant impact on the corporate finance managers' decisions, the higher level of testosterone in the CEO, the managers will benefit from the more aggressive policies. Therefore, the testosterone level in managers may play a key role in decisions related to corporate investments. According to this argument, the purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of the head-to-face ratio of the CEO as one of the testing criteria of testosterone levels on the financial decisions of the corporates' managers. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 63 corporates listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected in 2013-2017 and was tested using a logistic regression model. The results of the first hypothesis showed that a high level of testosterone had led to an increase in the investment decisions less than the managers' capacity in line with appropriate and efficient investments in the corporate. Also, the results of the second hypothesis suggested that the high level of testosterone in the CEO had led to an increase in financial leverage over the investment opportunities.

Background and Purpose: Resistance exercise with new training methods such as blood flow restriction, which is performed with lower intensities than the traditional method, can lead to different physiological responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of upper body resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on the level of cortisol, testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol in male judo players.Materials and Methods: Thirty male judo players were divided into two groups of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. The training program consisted of 6 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions per week. Resistance exercise with blood flow restriction included performing barbell biceps curl exercise at an intensity corresponding to 30% of one repetition maximum (1-RM) with cuff pressure about 120 to 160 mm Hg (around the proximal area of the arm) based on the systolic pressure of each person. For the traditional resistance training group (without vascular occlusion), subjects performed biceps exercise at an intensity corresponding to 75% of 1-RM.  To measure testosterone and cortisol, first blood sample (5ml) was taken before training from the antecubital vein of the right hand. The second blood was taken 48 hours after the last training session of 6th week, the third blood sample was taken 24 hours before the start of the second 6-week activity and the fourth sample was taken 48 hours after the last training session (after 12 weeks).Results: Between-group comparisons showed that cortisol (P=0.018), testosterone (P<0.001) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.001) were significantly different beuween two groups of resistance training with blood flow restriction and resistance training. Within-group comparisons showed that cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.76), testosterone (P<0.001; d=4.03) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.53) were increased significantly following resistance training with blood flow restriction and the percentage of changes were 38.48, 121.11 and 53.57%, respectively. Moreover, cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.27), testosterone (P<0.001; d=2.05) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.010; d=0.63) increased significantly in resistance training group by 25.35, 60.29 and 21.66 %, respectively.Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it could be concluded that both traditional resistance training and resistance training with blood flow restriction can lead to increases in testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol. Furthermore, according to the size of the effect and percentage of differences, it can be mention that effectiveness of resistance training along with blood flow restriction is more pronounced than traditional resistance training.

Aims: Toxoplasmosis is the disease caused by an intercellular protozoan called Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma has global expansion and infects a wide range of warm blood animals.Presence of parasites inside cells affects cellular various activities and causes changes in cellular mechanisms.This study was carried out in order to evaluate the changes in testosterone level due toToxoplasma gondii.Materials & Methods: This cohort study was performed on individuals who referred to one of Tehran military hospitals in year 2009.180 people were selected by simple random sampling.5 ml of blood was taken from individuals and 1 ml serum was separated and used in order to determine toxoplasmosis infection and testosterone concentration by ELISA method. Hirsutism, hair loss, weight and height were also evaluated and documented. The results were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using independent t-test and Pearson correlation.Results: Of 180 serum samples (73 females and 107 males), 24femals (13/33%) and 39 males (21/66%) had anti ToxoplasmaIgG antibody. The results showed significant correlation between Toxoplasma and testosterone increase in women (p=0.002), testosterone increase in men (p<0.0001), hair loss in women (p=0.002), hirsutism in women (p=0.001) and height increase in women and men, but there was no significant correlation between weight andToxoplasma infection in women and men.Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between Toxoplasma infection and serum increase of testosterone, hirsutism, hair loss and height in patients. Results of this research can be beneficial in evaluation of disease symptoms and treatment protocol of toxoplasmosis patients for research centers and physicians.

Testosterone is one of the most important masculine hormones, playing a major role in shaping men’s face and their behavioral characteristics including risk taking. Measuring the testosterone level of the CEOs, recent studies have revealed a significant relationship between biological characteristics of the CEOs and corporate economic decisions. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the impact of the facial width to height ratio (fWHR) of the CEO as one of the factors determining the testosterone level on risk-taking companies. To do so, a sample of 49 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2014-2016 were selected and then tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data technique. The findings indicate that the high testosterone level in CEOs tends to result in corporate risk taking. The findings of current study not only fill existing gaps in the field, but also contribute to decision-making practices in Stock Exchange.

Resistance exercise with different devices is accompanied by various physiological responses which are performed at lower intensities than the traditional ones such as the use of training masks and blood flow restrictions. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise with blood flow and respiratory restriction on response of testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio in male wrestlers. In this study, eight male wrestlers (mean age of 26. 87± 4. 7 years and body mass index of 25. 26± 2. 49 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to three status of traditional resistance exercises (Control) (with 80% 1RM), resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and resistance exercise with respiratory restriction (with 30% 1RM) on the three consecutive weeks Four sets of 15 repetitions for squat were considered as resistance exercise in all status. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise. The data were statistically analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. All the three status of resistance exercise resulted in a significant increase in testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio (p<0. 05), and no change in cortisol following exercise. However, no significant difference was observed between the conditions. The results of this study showed that resistance exercise with restriction of blood flow and respiration can have similar positive effects like to traditional resistance exercise on hormonal responses. Therefore, it seems that these training devices have a convenient effectiveness to improve hormonal changes.