In today's organizations, considering the bureaucracies and the competitive atmosphere that exists, attention to the feelings of people, especially the feeling of jealousy at work is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of envy at work on employees' deviant behavior. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is a survey-descriptive in terms of collecting data. The statistical population of Isfahan Steel Technic Co. employees was used by simple random sampling. To analyze the collected data and to conduct the research, PLS 2. 0 software was used. The statistical population consisted of 300 executives and experts of Isfahan Steel Technique Co., and 90 people were evaluated using simple random sampling for analysis. PLS 2. 0 software was used for conducting the research. The results indicate that jealousy at work and its components have a positive and significant effect on deviant behavior. Since jealousy at work causes deviant behaviors in the organization and cause damage to the organization's core body, attention to employees' feelings, such as jealousy, is important. Therefore, the organization and management, taking into account the system of proper performance evaluation and considering the equal conditions of each person's performance is properly investigated and the results presented to everyone so that if there is any ambiguity to prevent any behavior that could harm the organization in the future. Management can, by organizing the organization's culture, tell employees that everyone has the ability and skills to compete with others instead of jealousy and move in one direction in order for the organization to succeed. Controlling the sense of jealousy at a reasonable level can be in the best interest of the organization so that employees can compete with each other to increase productivity, and if they do not pay attention to the feeling of jealousy, employees may be in violation of their partner's failure and it leads to the organization's failure to compete.

در این مقاله تربیت نظامیان در اندیشه افلاطون و امام خمینی8 با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و مقایسه ای بررسی شده است و هدف آن افزایش قدرت توصیف و تبیین نخبگان فکری - نظامی در موضوع جایگاه نظامیان در شکل­گیری مدنیّت و تمدن­سازی است. طی این مقاله گزاره­های افلاطون و امام خمینی8 در ابعاد مختلفِ موضوعِ تربیت نظامیان از متون آنان استنتاج شده است و سپس مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته و در نهایت وجوه تشابه و تفاوت دیدگاه­های دو متفکر در آن ابعاد تبیین شده است. نتیجة نهایی این مقایسه مبنی بر این است که نظام فلسفی افلاطون و برنامه تربیتی او در آرمان­شهر که با هدف تبیین عدالت و چگونگی استقرار آن صورت­بندی می­شود، اهمیّت اقشار نظامی را در زمینه شکل­گیری مدنیّت و حرکت به­سوی تمدن­سازی نشان می­دهد و در ردّ دیدگاه­هایی که اهمیت دادن به نظامیان را مقدمه فروپاشی مدنیّت می­دانند، پشتوانه استدلالی ارزشمندی ایجاد می­کند. در مقابل دیدگاه امام خمینی8 بیانگر این است که تفکر اسلامی قوّه و قوای نظامی را در چارچوب تربیتی شریعت، اخلاق و عقلانیّت تعریف کرده و این چارچوب اجازه نمی­دهد که حقوق و حوزه فردی و خصوصی نظامیان مورد تعدّی قرار گیرد؛ آنان را نیز از تعدّی به حقوق و حوزه خصوصی دیگران باز می­دارد و قوه و قوای نظامی را در خدمت حفظ نظام سیاسی، مدنیّت و تمدن­سازی تعریف می­کند.

The term "negation of negation" is a description Meister Eckhart employs for the "hidden essence of divinity." Through a precise analysis of Eckhart's works, in which he addresses the concept of "negation of negation," it becomes clear that although Eckhart sometimes uses the term "the One"—borrowed from Neoplatonism—as synonymous with "negation of negation," his understanding of "the One" significantly differs from that in Neoplatonism. For Eckhart, "the One" is not only beyond "being" and beings, but also manifests as "negation of negation" throughout the world. Furthermore, a proper understanding of the concept of "negation of negation" can serve as the key to resolving many apparent contradictions in Eckhart's works or conflicting interpretations of his writings. One such contradiction is the issue of the relation of "being" to God. "Negation of negation" teaches us that, for Eckhart, "being" holds two distinct meanings: in one sense, attributing "being" to God is permissible—though not ideal—while in another sense, applying the term "being" to God is nothing but error and a deviation from the truth.

Purpose: Undesirable social comparison is one of the main reasons for social undermining behaviors in organizations. Few studies have investigated the functional mechanism of this relationship. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of the sorrow caused by unfavorable social comparison on the social undermining of the colleague by the mediating of inert envy. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research’ s method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study is contract staff of the selected units of the central campus of Kermanshah Razi University. Selected units and their staff were randomly chosen. Standard questionnaires were distributed among 147 employees of selected units using simple random sampling. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS3 software was used for data analysis. Research Findings: Findings from this study shows that the sorrow which result from unfavorable social comparison does not lead to the social undermining of the colleague, but by mediating inert envy, leads to social undermining; means individuals focuses on undesirable positions and this unfavorable feeling in individuals will become a kind of envy called inert envy that leads to the social undermining in colleagues. Limitations & Consequences: In general, negative traits such as envy, the likelihood of not responding honestly, can reduce trust the results. Practical Consequences: The Sorrow of comparison to becoming inert envy leads to the colleague social undermining. Therefore, avoiding the backgrounds of sorrow of comparison is essential to preventing social undermining behaviors in organizations. Innovation or Value of the Article: In this study for the first time envy is considered as a multivariate feeling. In addition, this study adds to managerial research in the area of negative organizational variables such as envy and social undermining.

There is a disagreement between Ibn Sina and Khadjeh Nasir in analyzing universally negative conditionals. Ibn Sina considers them as “negation of necessity”, while the latter thinks of them in terms of “necessity of negation”. Khadjeh Nasir emphasizes the difference between the two positions, and deems the former more general than the other one, but Qutb Razi claims that, according to Ibn Sina’s works, they are equal, despite their difference in meaning.The author in this article tries to show first, in the discussion between Khadjeh and Razi, Khadjeh Nasir is right; second, by reformulating Ibn Sina’s arguments, one can realize an important formal flaw in his analysis; third, Ibn Sina’s answers to this flaw are not acceptable; forth, one may find another answer to this problem by the help of Ibn Sina’s analysis, but it also falls short of resolving the issue. Therefore, the question remains open for further endeavors.

Having always been asked of human beings, the three main questions are the question of God, human, and existence. In the meantime, taking care of human beings, and being aware of them is very important. To the extent that the call to know the man as a complex creature has been one of the main teachings of many philosophical, mystical, and religious schools. In our religious teachings, human cognition is considered to be the most useful cognition. Anthropology is one of the most important divine and human sciences that has a great impact in the field of human and religious education and is significant. Anthropology has philosophical, religious, scientific, mystical, and moral types. Mystical anthropology is the acquisition of knowledge about human truth through inner experiences in which human beings are studied and discussed through intuition and face-to-face knowledge. This type of anthropology introduces the perfect man and also discusses how a man achieves perfection and uses a mystical path to discover knowledge about man and his position and status in the system of existence. The history of anthropology from the point of view of heavenly laws such as Islam dates back to the beginning of human creation. From the very beginning of creation, man has been tasked with knowing his truth, his capacities, his abilities, and his happiness and perfection. The reason for all this attention to human knowledge is that according to Islam, man has been chosen as the caliph and successor of God on earth.

In this study we aim to examine the theme of death in the works of Philippe Jaccottet; in whose earliest writings and poems one can spot a sensitivity to human pain and death. Jaccottet’ s writings though simple in form, raise many vague questions in the reader’ s mind, for the poet wants to contain in his poem what speech can’ t express. The universe and human life to Jaccottet are mysteries. Death – the subject of this article – is also part of this mystery. Analyzing his 3 collections of poems “ Lessons” , “ Chants from below” and “ In the winter light” reveals the importance of this theme, which has an essential place in the poet’ s works. This also creates an opportunity for unveiling his mysterious and piercing works; which deserve to be read and reread, as it suggests to the reader to reconsider the world and the new style of living in harmony with the universe and with himself.

Personal and social problems which caused by intellectual, emotional and spiritual conflicts are one of the factors which leads poets to despair, grief and pessimism. The examination of Shahriar poems indicated his emotional, sentimental, and sensitive moods towards his surroundings and society. Despair and pessimism, loneliness and even thinking about death are obvious in his poems. These are rooted in emotional issues, complaint about the beloved, loneliness and homesickness, social issues, failure to the youthfulness, nostalgia of childhood and cultural, political and economic issues. These factors caused his poems to be regarded as a black literature in a way that his emotional and spiritual thinking leads him to Misanthropy, and thinking about death. The present paper aimed to present some samples of his grief and despair which were illustrated in his dark, despair and sad poems.

This article discusses how the standard of compensation for expropriation of foreign investments employed by international investment tribunals can affect State parties’,preferences reflected in international investment agreements as well as the efficiency of these standards in light of an economic analysis of law. It is suggested that State parties to these agreements often pursue their own economic development as well as protecting their nationals who invest in the territory of the other contracting State. In so doing, the State parties try to diminish the externalities associated with their measures and decisions on foreign investors on the one hand, and to reduce the risk of investment in their territory for foreign investors, on the other. By comparing the standard of full reparation established in customary international law to the standard of prompt, adequate, and effective compensation due immediately before the expropriation, usually agreed upon in investment agreements, this article concludes that the former standard-i. e. the standard of full reparation-is not entirely compatible with the preferences of State parties to international investment agreements and, thus, cannot always be considered as an efficient standard.

1. Introduction: In construction projects, a huge amount of daily data is created. However, such valuable data are not documented, analyzed and interpreted so that the construction community can learn from the experience of previous projects. Project experiences generally remain in the minds of the personnel, and when they leave the project, such a project experience is lost. This paper examines and analyzes the causes of the delay and their impact on the cost of the project in the construction of a dam project (Nemat-Abad dam) in Iran. This project with three different contracts and contractors has a great experience and valuable data. The extent and reasons for the delay are analyzed based on the involvement of project personnel in designed interviews. Lessons learned from failure in project planning and control are provided. The paper is for those who are interested in dam projects. Delay is known as one of the most important problems of the construction industry in Iran. Although there is advanced literature on delays in construction projects, little work has been conducted to address the impact of delays on dam projects. The term delay is used in this paper in the sense of Hosseinian (2016) to refer to the difference between the planned completion time and the actual completion time of the project. Identifying the causes of delay helps the project manager learn from the mistakes of previous projects. . .