One of the important applications of geosynthetics in the earth's slopes, such as landfills and waste disposal areas, is to use them as liner system. Proper assessment of the interaction of geosynthetics at slopes, such as landfill, is an important issue in preventing the slip and instability of the slopes. The inclined plane is a suitable method for assessing the interaction between the geosynthetics interacting in a sloping and tilted state under low normal stresses. The European Standard EN ISO 12957-2 provides a "standard displacement" for estimating the geocynthetic interface's friction angle. In this paper, inclined plane device, which for the first time in Iran was completely designed and constructed, describes the technical characteristics of the device and prepares the sample. This apparatus has the ability to perform experiments to investigate the interaction of soil-soil, soil-geosynthetics and geosynthetic-geosynthetic interfaces at low normal stress. Experiments are carried out on geomembrane and geotextile types to investigate the interaction of their surface. By changing the type of geosynthetics, it was observed that friction angle of geosynthetic interfaces is not constant and depends on the type of geomembrane and the woven or non-woven geotextile. The geomembrane-geotextile interface is the least amount of geomembrane with hard polyethylene, and the highest amount is used when polyvinyl chloride is used.

The Common Diffraction Surface (CDS) stack method has been introduced to solve the conflicting dip by merging the concepts of Common Reflection Surface (CRS) stack method and Dip Move-Out (DMO). The method proposed considers a continuous range of operators in pre-stack data set to simulate a Zero-Offset (ZO) sample which handle the conflicting dip problem in to full extent. However this method still contains artificial events and noise to the ZO stack section. As the coherence of each operator is available before stacking, it is proposed to use this coherence as criterion for accept or reject an operator for the stack. In this way the operators, which have not coherence with any seismic events, will be illuminated. By implementing the proposed method not only it is possible to solve the conflicting dip in to full extent but also the signal to noise ratio will be increased.

Seismic noise can be divided to random and coherent in reflection survey. The ground roll is a coherent noise in land seismic data that has high energy، high amplitude، low frequency and low velocity. It usually masks the reflections. Therefore، it must be attenuated in the seismic data processing. In this paper، we proposed a modification on the common offset common reflection surface method to attenuate ground roll and random noise. The CO CRS stacking operator is a hyperbola; therefore، it fits the hyperbolic reflections in the prestack data. Ground roll and random noise has linear and uncorrelated traveltime respectively. When the CO CRS operator is applied to the data، the reflection events can be detected by the coherency analyses. High coherency values belong to the reflection events، and low values indicate that no events with hyperbolic traveltime are detected. As a result، when the events are distinguished، any event with non-hyperbolic traveltime can be muted. We applied the proposed method on two real land data sets. The new method was compared with the f-k filtering and conventional CO CRS stacking after the f-k filtering. Results showed that the proposed method attenuated aliased ground roll better than the f-k filtering and conventional CRS. Further investigation was the effect of reflection amplitudes on ground roll attenuation by the CO CRS stacking. For a better attenuation، the minimum coherency of reflections had to be higher than the maximum coherency of the ground roll. Therefore، the intersection of the minimum reflections coherency and the maximum ground roll coherency is an SNR threshold (dB) for ground roll attenuation with FO CRS stacking.

Providing safe and sanitary drinking water is one of the goals of moving toward sustainable development, and dealing with aridity crisis is an important issue. Groundwater supplies 99% of the total available fresh water. The increasing need for more water resources and the limitation of water resources have led to extraction of unauthorized withdrawals from groundwater resources. The first step toward achieving management goals and operating correctly is studying and recognizing the groundwater resources system. For studding groundwater behavior, one of the new methods is studying mathematical and computer models of groundwater that, in its turn, is an advanced and complete management procedure. In this regard, Groundwater Modelling System(GMS), a groundwater computer model, was used to simulate the aquifer which is able to simulate stable and unstable conditions and has a wide variety of hydrogeological properties. It simulates groundwater flow using Finite Difference Method(FDM). A wide range of information and a complete description of the flow system including hydraulic parameters, boundary conditions, and the pressure and stress applied to the flow are essential for the effective use of the GMS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interactions between Urmia Lake water level changes and Meghitalu aquifer groundwater level changes in a distributed system. Meghitalu aquifer is located in north of Urmia in Kahriz region which has interaction with Urmia lake. In order to simulate groundwater flow in Meghitalu basin and aquifer, MODFLOW modules were used in the GMS model. According to geological and hydrogeological studies, the target aquifer was considered as an unconfined aquifer. The basin was considered by a three-dimensional mesh consisting 2491 cells with variable sizes between 25 and 150 square meters in 1 layer. The amounts of the aquifer parameters were determined based on the geological, meteorological and geo-electrical studies and logs of the wells in the area. The location of the aquifer, the surface layers of the ground, bedrock, hydraulic conductivity, evaporation depth and supply and drain resources were procured using GIS software, and then they were added to the model after being processed. Considering that the changes in Urmia Lake water level are influencing factors on aquifer recharge, the years 1995-1996 as the highest water level, 2001-2002 as the normal condition of water level, and 2009-2010 as the lowest level were selected. The average water level of the Lake during 1965 to 2010 was 1274 meters. After implementing the model controller and ensuring that the conceptual model is unmatched by any error, the model ran in both stable condition which is based on the average annual data and unstable condition which is based on daily data for the length of the year. The results of the simulation for the years 2001-2002 show that the lake recharges the aquifer in the stable condition, and rainfall and evaporation are unable to feed the aquifer; the range of hydraulic head changes in the aquifer cells is between 1254-1243 m. In unstable condition at the beginning of the year, all cells of the aquifer are wet and groundwater level is above the lake level and after 9 months of water year, status of drainage changes and the Lake starts to recharge the aquifer. The range of hydraulic head reduced from 1273-1412 meters in the first time step (October) to 1273-1241 meters in the last time step (September). Simulation for the years 1995-1996 and 2009-2010 demonstrated the influence of lake level on the recharging and discharging of the aquifer. The range of hydraulic head in the aquifer wet cells is reduced from 1255-1301 meter in the years 1995-1996 to 1257-1271 meter in the years 2009-2010 at the end of the simulation period. In all model implementation scenarios, wet cells with higher hydraulic head are in areas with high hydraulic conductivity. Overall, despite the lack of information in the study area, the results of the simulation were successful and the effects of tension changes were well displayed. When the groundwater level is lower than the level of Urmia Lake, the lake will feed the aquifer and the feeding will continue until the seawater is at the same level as the groundwater.

Public health of common waters in protecting the human's health is considered as "human delinquent" and environmental and natural health as "green offender" (silent offender) due to the terrestrial nature and the lack of the monopoly of works; so, the consequences of violating it in the territory of a particular state are of particular importance in the international public law. Therefore, protection of the harm caused by the breach of the public health of common waters is imperative by international institutions and States members of the international community. The supportive policy is a branch of public policy that "puts" various legal protections from the perpetrators of the violations of norms and regulations "in the form of coherent policies using its principal principles. These principles are a set of doctrines and coherent strategies that determine the policy and consequently, the way in which laws and regulations are imposed; as with the qualitative measure, it provides for the monitoring of rules and regulations. To make the present study, a review of the principles that underlie the principles of public health policy in international treaties and procedures is presented. The principles outlined in these sources are categorized into three categories: "justice-oriented", "cooperative-oriented" and "fair-minded". These principles can be used in protecting Iranian water health rights...