In this study, patterns of water current, sea surface temperature and salinitydistributions over the South Caspian Sea (SCS) have been investigated using ROMSmodel. Appling the most accurate bathymetry data and forces with temporal resolutionof 3-6 hours, and spatial resolution of 0.125 deg is a characteristic of the simulationsused in this study. Results show that there is a barotropic anticyclonic eddy over thedeep water of SCS, which extended from surface to subsurface. A dipoleanticyclonic/cyclonic feature is another structure of SCS that located in northwest (inApsheron sill) / southwest respectively, a nd persist throughout the year. Based onresults, net buoyancy flux of SCS is more affected by thermal buoyancy rather thanhaline buoyancy. In addition, there is a saline front in the east coast of SCS that isseparated from other regions by combining with warm (cold) water during (warm) seasons.

Since the tendency of water and soil to salinization is a big problem in arid and Semi-arid regions, using proper management measures is necessary to deal with this problem. One of the principles of management in this regard is the conjunctive use of saline and fresh water resources. It is applied in two ways; first mixing the fresh and saline waters and the second is using them alternatively. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of three conjunction methods on soil salinity distribution in the root zone. A completely randomized block design was used consisting of three treatments and three replications in nine lysimeters. Every lysimeter was filled to 1 m depth with soil in layers having 10 cm thickness, with a bulk density of 1.46 gr/cm3. The lysimeter was irrigated five times to reach soil water to field capacity (FC=34.33%). In the first treatment (Blending), irrigation was done with a mixture of saline and ordinary waters (EC=7.5 dS/m). In the second treatment (Half-Alternate) at each irrigation event, half of the irrigation water was applied with saline water (EC=14 dS/m) and the other half with the ordinary water (EC=1 dS/m). In the third treatment (One-Alternate) irrigation was practiced with ordinary and saline water alternately (one irrigation with ordinary water and the next one with fresh water). The result shows that the average salinity of soil (soil: water ratio 1: 5) in blending, half-alternate and one-alternate experiments up to 30 cm soil depth were 6.86, 6.74 and 4.80 dS/m respectively. The result shows that the one-alternate treatment has much less salinity in top layers (0-30 cm) than other treatments. In lower depths (30-60), the blending treatment has better conditions because in this treatment, salinity was 2.2 dS/m less than one-alternate treatment. The EC value was 9.92 and 12.1 dS/m in the blending and one-alternate treatment, respectively.

Design and implementation correct drip irrigation plays an important role in increasing the productivity of agricultural land and help to using water low-quality. Attention to the problem of soil salinity, is determine the distribution pattern of soil salt is an effective tool for the proper management of soil. This study was done with goal to assess the two surfaces and subsurface drip irrigation system in olive trees in Tarom. In this regard, was discussed the pattern of distribution of mineral in soil, especially soil salinity and sodium adsorption ratio at various depths. Also distribution of soil salts were compared at in levels 50, 75 and 100% irrigation treatments. However, generally were obtained the concentrations of salt and sodium in different depths in this study in subsurface drip irrigation less than surface drip irrigation. Accumulation of Salinity and sodium in surface of soil in the top emitter in subsurface irrigation was greater than subsurface drip irrigation. Investigation different irrigation levels showed that in Spite of minerals reduction and leaching in irrigation level 100 percent, there isn’t significant difference in distribution of salinity and sodium between irrigation level 100 percent and 50 and 75.

A greenhouse research work was conducted to study the patterns of Na+ and K+ distribution in root, stem and leaf during three growth stages of four Iranian alfalfa ecotypes and to find correlation between these patterns and plant salt tolerance. Treatments were replicated three times in a factorial experiment of a completely randomized block design. Based on the threshold of salt tolerance in alfalfa, three levels of salinity (control, 7 & 12 dS/m), were employed as salt stress treatments. The dry weight of roots, stems and leaves were determined and their Na+ and K+ concentrations measured. K+ concentration was reduced by increasing salinity, while Na+ concentration increased. The yield response of alfalfa ecotypes to the salinity treatments varied in various growth stages of the plant. At seedling stage, Shirazi ecotype and during the second and third vegetative cuts, Hamedani ecotype showed the highest level of phytomass. The highest concentration of K+ in seedling stage was observed in Shirazi ecotype and in the second and third vegetative cuts, this was observed in Hamedani ecotype. When the concentration of Na+ in tissues exceeded the toxic threshold, the hazardous effects of this ion substantially influenced the ecotypes, yields. In both levels of salinity, concentrations of Na+ and K+ diminished strating from root towards shoot in the studied ecotypes. Therefore, Na+ concentration in root was more than those in stem and leaf under saline conditions, which could be attributed to the remobilization of Na+ from the shoot to the root. The lowest rates of Na+ in the studied plant parts at the second and third cuts, were also observed in leaves. The critical role of the leaves in photosynthesis and plant survival may have caused a prevention of Na+ entry into the leaves via various mechanisms. This however was associated with a considerable increase in the ion's concentration in shoot at the second and third cuts, as compared to root. So, regarding the importance of physiological processes in providing the salinity tolerance mechanisms, a study of other physiological characteristics which influence salt tolerance such as carbohydrates and nitrogen translocation from root to the shoot can have their special importance in future studies.

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of salt stress on safflower genotypes under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged as a factorial one based upon a completely randomized design with three replications. Five safflower genotypes (Arak2811, Nebraska10, SOD25, CA116, and CA128), and four salinity treatments (0, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 percent of NaCl) were employed as experimental factors. Salinity exerted considerable effect on the growth parameters. Plant height, shoot and root dry weight, the concentrations of Na, K, Ca, and Mg in leaves and roots, and also the concentration of proline in leaves were meseared in samples obtained from the plants harvested one month after being exposed to salinity. Salinity decreased plant height, shoot and root dry weight, as well as the concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in leaves and roots. Howevere, the concentration of Na in shoots and roots increased under saline conditions. There was a significant interaction between the levels of salinity and genotypes for shoot dry weight. Among tested genotypes CA128 showed to be more salt tolerant in terms of dry matter accumulation regarding all levels of salinity. The effect of salinity on shoot/ root ratio was not significant. The concentration of proline in the leaves increased in saline treatments but the differences between genotypes and the interactions between the levels of salinity and genotypes were not significant as far as the concentration of proline in the leaves is concerned. The ratio of Na/K in the leaves and roots was higher in the plants subjected to salt stress. The differences between genotypes were significant regarding this ratio. Among the tested genotypes the ratio of Na/ K in the leaves was highest for Nebraska10. Howevere, the interaction between the levels of salinity and genotypes was significant for the ratio of Na/ K in plant tissues.The results of this experiment showed that salinity can significantly affect the growth of safflower and the responses of safflower genotypes to salinity might be different in terms of dry matter accumulation and in terms of ionic relations.

نزد ابن سینا، نفس انسانی به مثابة آینه، همواره مدرک ادراکاتی است که به نحو عرضی بر آن عارض می شود و به عبارت دیگر ادراکات، کیفیات عارض بر نفس هستند. محور ادراکات «تمثّل» است و نفس نیز دو ساحت ادراکی دارد، ساحت تجردی عقلانی که بازنمایندة کلیات، طبیعت و ذوات اشیا است و ساحت مادیِ حسی و خیالی که بازنمایندة جزئیات و عوارض اشیاء اکنون و گذشته است. ابن سینا، کیفیت هستی مندی ادراکات مختلف حسی، خیالی و عقلی در نفس را با نظریة ارتسام صور و تقشیر تبیین می کند؛ برای تبیین شکل گیری این الگوی معرفتی می توان چنین تصورکرد که فیلسوف حالات پدیداری ادراک را درون نگرانه در خود تصویر، و شاخصه های آن را احصا می کند، سپس با عرضه کردن آن به مبانی هستی شناختی اش نظریۀ معرفت را بیان می کند. ابن سینا مؤلفه هایی همچون ذهنیت دربرابر عینیت در مسئلة وجود ذهنی، عرض بودن علم و تأثیر کلی یا جزئی بودن ادراک را در نگاه پدیداری به ادراک تبیین می کند و به عرضۀ آن بر مبانی وجودشناسانه ای همچون تفکیک هستی به جوهر و عرض می پردازد و تفسیری معرفتی از عالم براساس همین اصل به همراه نگاه سه گانه به علیت ارائه می دهد و به الگوی خود در معرفت شناسی می رسد. نظام معرفتی سینوی مبتنی بر همین شاخصه ها و مبانی، به حصول نوعی ذات گرایی در تمام تبیین های معرفت شناسانه و پذیرش وحدت سنخی میان مدرِک و مدرَک می رسد.

این آزمایش با هدف بررسی تاثیر هیومی پتاس در افزایش سطح تحمل به شوری گیاه پوششی فیلا (Phyla nodiflora L.) بر اساس ویژگی های مورفوفیزیولوژیک انجام شد. طرح کرت های خردشده در یک آزمایش گلخانه ای با دو عامل به صورت بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. کرت اصلی شامل شوری کلرید سدیم در 5 سطح مختلف (صفر، 4، 8، 12 و 16 دسی­زیمنس بر متر) بود؛ در حالی که، کرت فرعی شامل سه سطح هیومی پتاس (صفر، 500 و 1000 میلی­گرم) بود. نتایج نشان داد، بدون در نظر گرفتن تیمار کودی، وزن تر شاخساره و کیفیت ظاهری در تیمار شوری 16 دسی زیمنس بر متر در مقایسه با گیاهان شاهد به ترتیب کاهش معنی دار 02/19 و 34/24% نشان دادند. دیگر ویژگی مثبت گیاه فیلا در تنش شوری 16 دسی زیمنس بر متر، وضعیت به نسبت مطلوب رنگدانه های گیاهی بود. افزون بر این، کیفیت ظاهری همبستگی قوی و مثبتی با طول شاخساره، وزن تر و خشک شاخساره و وزن تر ریشه نشان داد. به طور کلی نتایج بیانگر آن بود که فیلا در زمان تنش شوری از ویژگی های رشدی خود کاسته است. بدین ترتیب از کیفیت ظاهری در شوری بالا تا حدودی کاسته شد؛ اما در عوض سبزینگی فیلا در شرایط تنش حفظ شد. بر اساس نتایج وزن تر و خشک شاخساره و ریشه، محتوای نسبی آب (RWC) برگ و کیفیت ظاهری گیاه فیلا تا سطح شوری 8 دسی زیمنس بر متر از وضعیت مطلوبی برخودار بود و نیازی به استفاده از تیمار هیومی­پتاس تا این سطح از تنش وجود ندارد. در سطوح شوری بالا (12 و 16 دسی زیمنس بر متر)، ویژگی های مورفوفیزیولوژیک فیلا کاهش یافت. در نتیجه در سطح شوری بالا برای بهبود وضعیت کلی گیاه، کاربرد هیومی پتاس پیشنهاد می شود. به طوری که، هیومی پتاس 500 میلی گرم بر لیتر سبب افزایش طول شاخساره، تعداد شاخساره جانبی و RWC در سطح شوری 16 دسی زیمنس بر متر شد. افزون بر آن، 1000 میلی گرم بر لیتر هیومی پتاس، سبب بهبود رنگدانه های گیاهی در تیمار شوری 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر گردید.