An Analysis of non-structural cohesion in the Sermon of Jihad and Selected Translations (Shahidi and Garmaroudi's Case Studies Among the issues raised in linguistics, the attention of analysts has always been the focus of various texts, cohesion and coherence in the text. Cohesion lies potentially in the language system tools, such as referral, deletion, succession, and relevance, which lies within the language itself. Since Nahj al-Balaghah, as a coherent text, includes different types of coherence, translations are expected to reflect these elements of coherence. By adopting a descriptive-analytic approach, this paper deals with the non-structural grammatical cohesion components in the context of the Khayad and two selective translations of Shahidi and Garmaroudi. This research examined the degree of adherence of the two translators to the reflection of these components of cohesion and finally concluded that among the many components mentioned, both translators, in the shadow of moving close to the original text and with the choice of appropriate institutions, have been able to reflect the degree of cohesion contained in the original text in translation. At the same time, it was observed that two translators were, in some cases, affected by factors such as the special style of the translator and the capacity of the linguistic-verb language of the target language in finding equivalents.

The present article is a research about the faults of the book "Al-ghias Al-Nahvi". The main faults are listed as follows: First fault: The main title of the book is Al-ghias (analogy), however, neither it has been defined, nor its terminological meaning has been mentioned. Second fault: The respectful author has not explained that how Abdollah Bin Abi Eshagh expanded analogy.Third fault: The respectful author has cited a text from saybavih's book as an example for analogy while there is no analogy in this text.Fourth fault: The respectful author has claimed that Saybavih had used the words "wrong" and "error" instead of the word "shaz"(scarce), while it is not so.Fifth fault: The respectful author has claimed that Saybavih's analogy had two types, while this saying it is not accurate.

Literary efforts of Shaykh Toosi in general and specially his syntactic ones in "Tebyan" and his comprehensive treatment with them in brief and expressively, then taking benefit of values of this science and practicing them in the province of interpretation, made a vide scope for syntax in Toosi's interpretation. This interpretation embraces the syntactic views of scholars of two "Basra" and "koofa" schools. He doesn’t solely narrate the scholar's views but analyzes and refines them and distinguishes between right and wrong by his specialty and invested capability. Some syntactic views are renounced by toosi while others are preferred and sometimes he announces his own view. All this shows his vast knowledge of syntax that made him a leading scholar in this regard with particular view and school. It is worthy to mention that understanding his method needs investigation firstly according to the requirements of his era and secondly to analyzing the text of his interpretation. That is what we are pursuing in this research by Allah's mercy.

It should be made clear that in spite of some similarities between syntactic and grammatical analogy and rational or philosophical analogy, they are very different from each other. Syntactic analogy is of originality in language, however after the fourth century some grammarians entered the rational deduction in to syntactic domain, and this issue is a clear fact to the grammarians. The second fact is that this linguistic deduction is generalizable in all grammatical and syntactic matters in such a way that Hamzeh Kasaii, Koufeh's principal, believes that: syntax is a science based on deduction and this deduction is applicable in all matters. Yet, the third fact is related to the lack of knowledgeable grammarians, and nence there is a need to train somd in this field, since improving the knowledge of grammarians on these deductions is very advantageous in boosting their academic level. This paper introduce four syntactic deductions which are based on intellectual basis in Arabic language.

Constructive criticism has asignificant impact on the scientific development which leads to the flourishment of the country’ s whole wealth, i. e. its technology. As the emergence, revolution, and maturity of the Arabic language can be regarded as the problems which demand a particular heed, the research therein also seems very valuable. In this paper, the book “ A’ taTawor A’ naHwi Le’ loghate Al’ Arabiy” written by Bergeshter Eser(1994) and researched and translated by Ramazaan AbdA’ ta’ waab has been put into criticism. Besides mentioning other semiotic languages such as Hebrew, Akkadian, Aramaic, and Habashi, this book has studied the Arabic syntax from the historical and linguistic viewpoints. Through the quantitative and qualitative analyses, it was understood that the book seeks two major objectives: first, studying the Arabic syntax from the historical viewpoint, that is, in terms of emergence, major letters, types of the sentence, the basic [of the language], and the changes applied to it over time; second, studying it structurally, which occurs in the linguistic scope. On the whole, this book has paved the way for the development of the Arabic syntax. In addition, it could reasonably be suggested that this book be included into the curriculum of Arabic language and literature at the PhD level for the course of Research into Arabic Word Formation and Syntax especially in Iran’ s universities.

Omission as a public phenomenon is common in all languages including Arabic.In such cases, knowing right meaning of sentences depends on the right understanding of omission and its place because omission results in different hypotheses leading to different understandings and likely opposite understandings. Importance of omission and guessing is double in verses named as Ayat-ol-Ahkam. Different opinions of religious authorities in guessing what is omitted result in different meaning and following it issuing different Commands (Ahkam). The major and complex point of discussion in these Verses that lead to different meanings is the guessing what is omitted. Existing abundance of omissions in these Verses including letter and word as well as sentences and as a result abundance of dowsing about what is omitted have made the current research important. There is no scientific research that could deeply study omission issue in Ayat-ol-Ahkam and answer questions such as what kind of omission has more effects and applications. So, we have no choice than to study the syntax structure of Ayat-ol-Ahkam and semantic effect of omission in these Verses by analytic-explanatory method.

Since the verbs of (لیس) and (لایکون) have similar use and play an important role in Arabic grammar, it was useful to study both and discuss about their functions. Following the discussion we found that there is five different functions for (لیس): first, it is an imperfect verb, (that give the noun an nominative case and the comment an objective case) Arabic grammar experts disagree if it has a verb function or a noun one. Second, as exceptive particles with maintenance its verb function (give the noun an nominative case and the comment an objective case) that here comment is an except. Third, it is used as a conjunction that make negative sentence. Forth, it has a negative function that means (Ma). Fifth, it can also be used as a conjugated perfect verb that was not common place in Arabic grammar books, but we mentioned that function according to khalil Ebn Ahmad Alfarahidi.Quoting the reasons of grammarians about if it has a verb function or a noun function, we have concluded the discussion. We also identified the functions of (لایکون): First, it is applying as a conjugated verb. Second, it apply as an exceptive particle, as it is a non-derivative verb that its comment is an except. We hope that paper be useful in Arabic grammar.

Considering the role of context and culture in the formation of language, the present research aims to use the ethnographic method that has a special emphasis on context, to determine the structure, meaning and specific use of the supposed that has not been stated in grammar books so far. , on the basis of its use in the Arabic speaking society, find and present a new grammatical pattern in the Arabic grammar in accordance with the teaching approach. In order to, 173 Arabic films were observed and illustrative examples of the supposed  were noted and analyzed. After collecting the data, we explored them based on the Hymes (1962) model. The results of the research gave a sketch of the structure, meaning and application of this widely used grammatical combination. According to the analyzes done, in addition to what is supposed, "Al-Muftaradh" and "Yuftaradh" in positive aspects and "La-Yuftaradh" and "Lam-Yuftaradh" in negative aspects show different structural dimensions of this combination, which are used to express scientific, experimental, personal ideas. Also, regulations, plans and pre-determined promises and agreements between people are used in the form of "it should be/it was supposed to be (positive)" and " "Shouldn't.../ Wasn't it supposed to be... (Negative)" is translated in Persian language. Finally, by analyzing the English movies that were the original or dubbed Arabic movies, we found the grammatical equivalent of the desired combination in the English language to be a guide in the new classification of the desired combination in the Arabic language