Introduction Pathological gambling has captured the attention of researchers in recent years. Gambling craving is one of the fundamental and predictable factors of relapse. Despite the abundance of craving research, most existing evidence has focused on a biomedical approach. Thus,  evidence concentrated on the physiological similarities between gambling disorder and substance use disorder rather than on the potential and unique features of gambling craving. Therefore, the study has not been specifically designed to provide an in-depth exploration of the cognitive processes involved in the initiation and persistence of gambling cravings. To our knowledge, most research in the field of gambling craving transferred what is known about drug craving into gambling craving, from scale development to hypothesis. The literature assessmentreveals that craving remains a source of much dispute, and the evidence clearly suggests that a greater understanding of this concept has substantial implications for the prevention and treatment of many addictive disorders. Accordingly, the current study aims to predict the impact of gambling-related cognitive biases and gambling severity on gambling craving, with drug use history as a moderator. Methods In this study, 345 participants were evaluated with the gambling craving scale (GACS), gambling severity index (PGSI), and gambling-related cognitions scale (GRCS). The study questionnaire has two parts and was distributed electronically; the return rate of questionnaires was 60%. After data preprocessing, 337 individuals remained in the study. It is noteworthy that due to the factor loading being lower than the cut-off point (R<0.7), the third and ninth questions of the GACS were excluded from the model. In addition,  due to Cronbach's alpha being lower than the cut-off point (α<0.7), the gambling desire variable was removed from the model becauseof the minimal number of unanswered questions in some variables (less than three). SPSS-26 and PLS-4 softwares were used for data analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the 36 remaining model questions. Results The present study aimed to estimate how gambling-related cognitive biases and the intensity of gambling will affect cravings for gambling, with drug use history acting as a moderator. The path analysis revealed that both gambling cognitions and gambling severity directly predicted gambling craving. In this study, 64.1% of respondents were females, and 35.9% were males. Moreover, the mean age was 31.06±9.23, and 48.9% were over 30 years; 63% were unmarried, and 37% were married. Regarding education, 4% had a degree under a high school diploma, 22.5% had a high school diploma, 5.1% had a post-highschool diploma, 27.5% had a Bachelor's, 32.2% had a Master's, and 8.7% had a PhD Furthermore, 39.5% were smokers, and 14.5% had a history of drug use. Among the participants, 50.4% had scores above 6 on the PGSI. Data sphericity was examined (KMO=0.905 and P=0.001). Reliability and convergent validity were applied by Cronbach's alpha test (α>0.7), composite reliability indices (CR>0.7), and average variance extracted (AVE>0.5), and discriminate validity was calculated by HTMT (HTMT<0.9). R square of craving was average (r=0.377). The results showed that a drug use history increased the predictive power of gambling craving (r=0.376 to r=0.407). This study has five hypotheses, mentioned with significance, respectively; 1) Gambling cognitions affect gambling craving (β=0.622, P=0.001). 2) History of drug use affects gambling craving (β=-0.182, P=0.261). 3) Gambling severity affects gambling craving (β=0.441, P=0.004). 4) Drug use history has moderating effects on the relationship between gambling severity and gambling craving (β=-0.087, P=0.031). 5) Drug use history has moderating effects on the relationship between gambling cognitions and gambling craving (β=-0.355, P=0.688). Gambling severity and gambling cognitions were direct predictors of gambling craving while having a considerable impact on craving. However, this predictive power increased among subjects with a drug use history and is claimed to be in the upper middle range. Unquestionably, those who have used drugs in the past who gamble report more acute cravings than those who have never used drugs. Additionally, a history of substance abuse cannot predict gambling desires, individually or in combination with cognitive deficits. Gamblers may suffer more extreme cravings if they have severe pathological gambling in addition to cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that the association of cognitive defects and the severity of gambling with a history of drug use increases the power of prediction. According to the results of the current study, a systematic review that examined the role of desire in GD revealed that the tendency to gamble was connected to the severity, episodes of gambling, and pursuit of this condition. According to the literature, gambling craving is a component that affects gambling behavior. Because of the potential link between the severity of GD and craving, several writers have proposed craving as a diagnostic criterion for GD. The studies included in this systematic review, despite the differences in the structures, the sampled populations, and even the measurement scales, have almost aligned results. These overall findings indicate the importance of the craving in relapse and response to treatment in behavioral and substance addictions. Nevertheless, contrary to the findings of the current study, the results of a study that examined craving in drug users showed that continuous psychological stress is a predictor of changes in cognition, which is a predictor of craving. Conclusions Research on craving is necessary to develop new strategies for improving response to treatment and durability in treating individuals with GD. This structure is considered during therapy and evaluations; if necessary, alarm interventions should be carried out to control it. Ethical considerations Due to respect for privacy, the participants' identity information was not recorded, and all participants were assured that the information received would only be used for research purposes. Participation in this research was voluntary, and the participants were allowed to withdraw from the participation at any stage. This study was conducted with all ethical principles and the ethical code IR.ZUMS.REC.1399.449 of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Authors' contributions In this study, Mohsen Dadashi and Peyman Hassani-Abharian were responsible for choosing the topic, designing the study, defining the concepts, and writing the article. Rogheyeh Najafi-Dehjalali was responsible for data collecting, data analysis, and writing the initial text. Hojjatullah Farahani was a consultant for data analysis and took a share in writing the article, and Alireza Faridi took part in writing the article. Funding This study reports a part of the PhD dissertation of Rogheyeh Najafi-Dehjalali, supported by founding of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to all the respondents and Mohsen Moradi, who helped us conduct this study. In the end, this study was taken from a dissertation entitled "Investigation of cognitive, psychological and addiction complications of gambling, along with the validation and validation of questionnaires measuring the intensity of dependence, addiction, and cognitive behavioral complications of gambling in Iran" with the code 4193 of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Gambling is one of the illegitimate methods of gaining property, the prohibition of which is reflected in the criminal law. In jurisprudential works, the types of gambling have been studied by considering the two indicators of playing with gambling implements and betting, and their substantive and obligatory effects have been explained. According to the mentioned indicators, gambling can be distinguished from what is considered gambling ruling and from similar topics such as betting and lottery. In the present article, in addition to the jurisprudential analysis of the issue, according to the criminal laws before and after the revolution, the types of crimes related to gambling and the conditions for its realization have been investigated. A comparison of the rules shows that the criminal legislator has taken a stricter approach than before each time. However, the inclusion of existing laws regarding committing gambling on cyberspace platforms is difficult due to ambiguity in the definition. Also, the lack of definition of gambling and similar issues such as betting and lottery has caused some differences of opinion. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide a clear and based on jurisprudential criteria definition of gambling and similar issues, which include committing it in cyberspace.

Objective Internet gambling is a form of gambling that has been developed by communication technologies and is constantly available to mobile phone users. In Iran, the amount of currency that outflows from the country through online gambling reaches $ 1. 5 billion a year which is equivalent to 18% of taxes collected in the country. On the other hand, during the period of online gambling prevalence (2016-20), the society has witnessed a decline in bio-economic quality, the exchange rate shows a 700% increase, which indicates a multiplication of the power of Rial-dependent incomes. According to studies, behaviors such as investing in Pyramid companies, giving money to greedy people for high profits (Ponzi are more prevalent in society when macroeconomic structure fluctuations are more severe. Studies on behavioral economics, on the other hand, show how individuals cope with high levels of uncertainty and complexity with this cognitive bias that “, can bypass cost-benefit laws”, . Gambling operators prompt people to think that “, shortcuts can be made to profit”, . These studies assume that the “, mental accounting”,of individuals is not the same and is affected by different factors. In the present study, using data mining techniques in social networks, we ask: Can people who are frustrated with the change in their economic stagnation from unemployment and poverty be more prone to gambling? Given the socio-economic context, what themes do popular gambling sites in Iran use in their advertising posts to create cognitive bias? Research Methodology After collecting data from Instagram and Telegram sources (which was developed by a supervised machine learning model based on a high-precision logarithmic regression algorithm), the data were categorized in terms of textual content, and gambling posts were selected. The main categories were extracted: “, Entertainment”, , “, Trade and commerce”, , “, Specialized and General content”, , “, Sports”,and “, Discourteous”, . Finally, the data were analyzed sociologically, which due to the diversity in the nature of the outputs (numerical and textual) a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used. Findings Findings range from September 22 to December 20. Differences between categories related to economic posts and other subject categories were compared using descriptive statistics. The average visit to publication ratio of the “, Trade and commerce”,group was 357%, while in the “, Specialized and General content”,it was 75%. It was 56% in the “, Discourteous”,group, 52% in the “, Entertainment”, , and 26. 9% in the sports content group. In qualitative analysis, we tried to crystallize the abstract concepts of the theory in objective examples and achieve axial coding, which eventually led us to the final theme. Keyword analysis was performed by data immersion on hundreds of popular posts, hot topics, hashtags (Telegram and Instagram). The use of financial incentives by betting site operators in attracting audiences was coded with the main theme of economic instability. The final three themes of "financial incentive", "unemployment" and "exchange rate fluctuations" were extracted and analyzed. Also, in the directional content analysis with the main theme of behavioral economics, among the three cognitive biases, the two final themes of creating a bias of "reducing the pain of paying" and "illusion of control" were extracted and analyzed from the data explored in cyberspace. Discussion & Conclusion The study of research data shows the high significance of economy in the interest of audiences in betting. In directional content analysis, the sub-themes refer to the analysis that the audience is frustrated with the existing and conventional ways of earning money in society. The results of research on the impact of macroeconomic instability, especially large shocks in the financial markets, show that in times of severe economic shocks, the ground is prepared for fraudulent and anti-economic businesses such as gambling. Also, despite the huge profits that are made in this business which also benefit the real operators or government officials, behavioral economic factors including those under the influence of emotional arousal should also be taken into consideration. The need for cultural policy-making in informing users of cognitive biases seems very necessary.

Although the development of cyberspace like other human achievements has undeniable benefits, it creates many problems which have been criminalized as "computer crimes" in most countries. One of these misuses which interferes the public and economic orders is Internet (online) betting which is being widespread all over the World in various forms, whether independent or dependent on another issue such as sport competitions. In some countries, this behavior is criminalized as "online gambling" while according to the Islamic Penal Code, only traditional and physical procedures such as "gambling" as well as "purchase, sale, custody, production and distribution of gambling tools" also providing services in casinos have been criminalized as well as sentenced punishments. But with respect to the current circumstances as well as due to the widespread of Internet (online) betting, whether in the field of physical or computer games as well as the establishment of virtual casinos, it is necessary to examine the nature, conditions and legitimacy of these behaviors from the perspective of criminal laws and legislations. Results indicate that existing laws and regulations such as 705 – 711 Articles of the Islamic Penal Code cannot be generalized to online gambling. Hence, it seems that the codification of some absolute laws in this regard should be put in to the agenda.

Khā, qā, ni Sharvā, ni is one of the Persian poets who, compared to other poets, has made the most use of the capacities of language. One of his artistic techniques, in poetic illustration and theme making, is the use of gambling elements and terms related to the two games of ‘, backgammon’,and ‘, chess’, . He used these terms so professionally that he can be considered as the most prominent Persian poet in this regard, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Despite many efforts by scholars and commentators of Khā, ghā, ni's Divā, n, most of these terms have not been properly understood and explained. In this study, based on the use of in-text and out-of-text evidence, some of these phrases and words have been reviewed and analyzed. Also the current study revealed new insights into the rules and quality of the old backgammon and chess games and at times an accurate and correct interpretation of the analyzed verses is provided. In the explanation of one case, a method of old writing style in scribing the manuscripts of Khā, ghā, ni's Divā, n, along with providing numerous evidences, have been identified and introduced.

This study used PGSI to measure the motives of online stock exchange gamblers according to their responses about their online gambling. The main aim of the current study is to holistically explore the impact of motivational factors that motivate more usage of online gambling in Pakistan and behavioral factors that investigate the level of implementation of responsible gambling practices on PGSI in Pakistan’s online stock exchange gamblers. We collected data through questionnaires and for analysis we used SEM, multiple regression and multinomial logistic regression. Results indicated that motivational factors that significantly impact PGSI are excitement, financial motivation, escape and relaxation and in terms of responsible gambling practices, game design and transparent terms and conditions are the key elements of behavioral factors while self-exclusion and selfhelp (SE and SH) are not considered as significant factors.

Risk is a concept considered in different legal and economic systems and each has ordained different policies about it. Obviously, some types of risky actions are not accepted by all these systems especially by Islamic ones.Due to the presence of risk more or less in most of the contracts, it is essential to explain the concept and position of this element to distinct between the legal and illegal ones. What can simplify this explanation is enumerating and studying the elements of contracts accompanying the risk element, finding the relationship between the identified elements and the risk element, in order to be able to provide an accurate categorization of these contracts based on this element.The result of elemental studying of these contracts which are gamble, betting, Gharar, probable and chance contracts, is a hierarchical definition of risk element. Based on this definition, the lowest level of risk is attributed to right contracts and highest level is defined in gamble and betting (gambling contracts). Between these two levels is the risk which creates Gharar. Other cases are placed in one of the triple levels based on the associated risk.Therefore, in Islamic legal and economic systems there are three different levels of risk and each level has its especial rules and consequent legislator exposure would be different. So that, In contrast to the maximum protection from right contracts, in highest level of risk not only there is no protection but also some cases (gamble) would be a criminal offense.

Background and Aim: Gambling, as one of the methods of illegal acquisition of wealth, has always been the concern of the legislator, and the strategy related to Sharia standards has played a major role in creating criminal protection against this crime. The existence of some legal flaws and ambiguities regarding dealing with gambling and betting as one of the crimes that have gained new dimensions with the emergence of tools and social media, made it necessary to amend the relevant laws. The aim of the research is to investigate the current criminal policy of Iran towards the immoral gambling offender. Methods: This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and by utilizing library resources. Ethical Considerations: In this research, scientific trustworthiness has been observed. Results: The plan to amend articles (705) to (711) of the fifth book of the Islamic Penal Code (Penalties), which was approved by the Guardian Council with amendments; It was discussed in the Guardian Council and the Guardian Council approved the resolution of the parliament. In addition, during this period, the Supreme Council of Cyberspace of the country announced the document of preventing and dealing with gambling in cyberspace approved in 1401 for implementation. Conclusion: This research has reached the conclusion that by approving and communicating the document "Prevention and Dealing with Gambling in Cyberspace", the Supreme Council of Cyberspace has approved organizational preventions, which by referring the matter to various organizations and institutions of social, state, It predicts growth-oriented and family-oriented. On the other hand, with the approval of the aforementioned law, lottery and betting were also defined and assigned. The provision of mandatory criminal declaration, zero tolerance in criminal referrals in the case of corruption in the land or economic disruption, severe and restrictive punishments are all among the reforming components of the legislator's criminal policy in the law amending articles 705 to 711 of the Islamic Penal Code.