Introduction: The high quality and saniety of ingredients as well as what we use daily is very important. The necessity of analysis the high and low density polyethylene (HDPE and WPE) compositions as the primitive granoul and used disposable food containers lead us to start this research. The present study, therefore, aims to evaluate mutagenicity and carcinogenicity effect of the compositions. Methods: The method is based on Ames test applying Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100,TA104 which received directly from Professor Ames. In the first stage, these strains for property purity of mutation were confirmed. Then, polyethylenes compositions have been added separately to minimal agar medium contain fresh overnight culture (TA100, TA104) and compared to positive control (index of mutagen sodium azide and bacteria) and negative control (index of distilled water and bacteria). In the other stage rat liver tissues microsmes produced under sterile conditions had been added separately to minimal agar medium with polyethylene compositions and it was measured the effect of the carcinogen material and bacteria status affected by reverse mutation and histidin produced. Results: There was a specific mutation in the histidine synthesis gene that made these strains (TA100,TA104) become an external source of histidine for theirs growth. These strains upon exposure to an external mutagen undergo a reverse mutagenecity in theirs mutated histidine synthesis operon and these strains then can grow in a histidine free medium. In this research considering to colony numbers and comparison with negative control index containing several colonies produced by spontaneous mutation approved materials mutagenicity and compared. The result, also showed that the HDPE grades as the raw material and their products made in the forms of disposable glasses and containers, drinking bottles and milk bags don't possess the mutagenicity property, but plastics bags made from LDPE caused reverse mutation of S.typhimurium of these products. If these products coated by liquid or solid oils were found to have much more affects on mutagenicity of the films. Conclusion: Considering the above results, it seems that polyethylene is a safe element. The only reason, then for mutation or carcinogenicity of the PE thin bags is the presence of some very active elements added to polyethylene or involved in its formation. This critical case makes us have more care and control on the mechanism of plastics bags production.  

Background and Objectives: bisphenol A and nonylphenol are xenoestrogen materials used as a monomer of plastics in widely volume in the production of plastic materials especially mineral water bottles and disposable plastic containers. In this study, we investigated the potential of migration of bisphenol A and nonylphenol from disposable plastic containers into water at different temperatures and also from mineral water into water at different temperatures.Materials and Methods: We conducted bisphenol A and nonylphenol extraction from each sample through liquid-liquid extraction. For identification and quantitative determination of bisphnol A and nonylphenol, we used gas chromatography equipped with mass detector, and for quantitative determination of these two compounds, we used high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector.Results: We found that increasing temperature increased significantly the rate of migration of these two compounds in the water. Moreover, it was revealed that only the presence of bisphenol A in water of mineral water bottles was detected and the increase in temperature also increases the rate of migration bisphenol A into water.Conclusion: In general, results of this study showed that improper storage of mineral water bottles and also use of disposable plastic containers for hot drinks would result in increasing consumer exposure to these compounds.

According to previous researches eating in disposable plastic containers can create risks and wastes for the human body. Leaving these containers in nature will cause environmental problems due to the long period of its return to nature's cycle. In this research, we intend to find people's attitude towards consuming such dishes and adress the question that through which processes has the norms of eating and drinking changed? We conducted an in-depth interview with a hundred middle-class of citizens of Tehran. The findings showed that despite the awareness of citizens about these issues, these containers are used in parties due to ease of consuming and carrying, cheapness, easy access, diversity in shape and color, the perception that they are more hygienic than other containers. The prevalence of these dishes has influenced the style of eating. From a Giddensian approach the whole phenomena of "disposability" can be considered as an abstract system by which behaviours relating to eating will be disembedded from its local space-time and will be re-embedded in another level. Trust in this abstract system is to the extent that the harms of consuming the disposals and the damage they cause to the body and nature are not considered.

Soil reinforcing is one of soil improvement methods by using of reinforcing materials (with suitable performance in tension) in soil (with fairly compressive strength and weakness in tension). In recent years, numerous studies have been carried out about the application of reinforced soil and bearing capacity of granular soils. Generally, these studies are limited to reinforced embankment with geosynthetics and steel stripes and even plastic parts. So using of plastic waste to improve the bearing capacity of embankment has not been considered. Therefore, in this research the effect of plastic wastes to improve the bearing capacity of granular soils has been investigated. The variables considered are using one type of disposal plastic wastes in different weight percentages at irregular (random) reinforcement and regular reinforcement (with specified layers) in granular embankment. The research was carried out in small laboratory scale using CBR tests. According to results, placing plastic waste parts in sandy soil increases the bearing capacity remarkably. The optimum values were obtained at 2% to 2. 5% plastic weight ratios to soil weight. Also the required energy conditions to attain optimum percentage were investigated. In this regard, the strain-stress behavior of soil was studied. The results show that increasing of plastic parts to 2%-2. 5% at irregular and regular condition, respectively, raises the soil elasticity coefficient to 234 and 152% respectively.