Salicylic acid (SA), a plant phenolic compound is considered as a plant growth regulator and its role in the defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses has been well characterized. This experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of SA on growth, physiology and biochemical parameters ofTriticum aestivum grown under salt stress. For this purpose, Triticum aestivum L (Shiraz and Star cultivars) seeds were soaked in SA (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and then salinity was applied by NaCl (0, 100 and 200 mM). FW (fresh wight), photosynthetic pigment and total protein contents decreased sharply with increasing stress levels. Prolin, MDA and H2O2 content increased significantly under salt stress. However, seeds pretreated with salicylic acid along with the salinity levels showed enhancement in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and total protein content, while proline, MDA and H2O2 levels decreased. The results showed that deleterious effects of salinity in Triticum aestivum plants were significantly encountered by the pretreatment with salicylic acid. It is concluded that salicylic acid could ameliorates the negative effects of salinity in Triticum aestivum cultivars.

Manganese is a microelement for plants and is not actually counted as a metal pollutant. Manganese toxicity in some agricultural soils due to its excessive regeneration leads to undesirable symptoms in plants. Silicon is well known as reducing stress and toxic effects of some elements. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of silicon and manganese on leave of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Siahoo) in greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Maragheh, Iran in 2016. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial design with three replicates. The treatments were three level of manganese (0. 5, 2. 5 and 5 mg/l) from MnSO4 source and three level of silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg. L-1) from Sodium metasilicate source. The results showed that with increasing manganese concentration, the levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide increased and total protein and fresh weight and dry weight of plant decreased. The highest plant fresh and dry weight loss was observed in 5 mg. L-1 manganese. Sodium metasilicate significantly reduced the level of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of the enzyme catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, total protein, plant fresh and dry weight. In general, application of high concentrations of manganese in nutrient solution decreases the plant growth and yield, while silicon application reduce the toxic effects of manganese and enhances the plant yield.

Oil in foodstuff deep frying heated to a long time and effect of some factors (humidity, temperature and oxygen) cause different chemical and physical changes of the oil (such as hydrolysis, oxidation and polymerization) and degrade the quality of the oil and product. The results of these changes increase of the free fatty acids, peroxide value, polar compounds and trans isomers, and also decrease of the unsaturated fatty acids, oxidation induction time, levels of tochopherol and phenolic compounds, which all indicate a decline the oil quality. Studies shows that the chemical composition of oil and especially natural antioxidants are important parameters in predictive the behavior of oil in the frying process. Independently to the commercial category of olive oil, is clearly resistant against the deep frying. In this paper, the oxidative stability of oil during frying according to the source, the presence of natural bioactive compounds (antioxidants) and fatty acid composition have been compared with olive oil.

Stress induced by boron toxicity is one of the main problems in the arid and semi-arid area. One of the methods for increasing plant resistance to abiotic stresses is silicon treatment. In order to study the effect of silicon on boron toxicity reduction in ‘ Bidaneh Sefid’ grape saplings, an experiment was conducted with three concentrations of boron (0. 2, 15 and 30 mg/l) and potassium silicate (0, 50 and 100 mg/l) in factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three months after the treatments, accumulation of boron, relative water content, ion leakage, proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, soluble protein and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity was measured. The results showed that accumulation of boron, ion leakage, proline and malondialdehyde content, soluble sugars and total soluble protein of leaves increased with increasing boron concentration but relative water content and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity decreased. Potassium silicate application significantly reduced the accumulation of boron, malondialdehyde content and ion leakage in leaves and increased guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity and leaf relative water content. None of the treatments had a significant effect on soluble sugar content. Boron accumulation in 30 ppm boron treatment was decreased 33 mg per kilograms dry weight by 100 mg/l potassium silicate application compared to the same treatment with zero ppm potassium silicate concentration. The results showed that grape saplings treatment with 100 mg/l potassium silicate alleviates oxidative damage caused by boron toxicity by reducing boron accumulation in leaves.

Physiological and biochemical parameters in macroalgae Chara sp. in response to oxidative stress following remediation of malachite green Introduction: The effluents of wastewater in some industries such as dyestuff, textiles, leather, paper, plastics, etc., contain various kinds of synthetic dyestuffs. The effluents of these industries are highly colored and the evacuation of these wastes into receiving waters causes intense damages to the environment and biological systems. In recent years a number of studies have focused on some micro/macro-organisms that are able to biodegrade and absorb dyes in wastewaters. Phytoremediation is a newly evolving field of science and technology that uses plants and algae to clean up polluted sites. This technology has been received attention lately as an innovative, cost-effective alternative to the more conventional water treatment methods. In this study, macroalgae Chara sp. was used in order to decolorize a dye solution containing Malachite Green (MG). MG, a triarylmethane dye, is most widely used for coloring purposes such as dyeing silk, leather, wool and paper in textile industries. In addition, it is extensively used in the aquaculture industries as a biocide worldwide. Induction of oxidative stress and the related formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequent results of environmental stressors. The main purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the potential of Chara sp. in remediation of MG, the study of changes in some physiological and biochemical parameters, including photosynthetic pigments content, phenolic compounds and the activity of some major antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) that can be involved in algae resistance to dye and/or its metabolism. Materials and Methods: 2. 1. Algal biomass and dye removal The algal species was acquired from Azna-lake (Khalkhal) in North of Iran. The algal species was washed with distilled water to remove macro/microscopic contaminations. According to its morphology and macro/microscopic observations, it was identified as Chara species belongs to Charophyta. The decolorization experiments were carried out with different initial dye concentrations (7. 5, 15 mg/L), pH values; (5. 5– 8. 5), temperature; 25 ° C and experiment time; 1-8 h. Treatments were carried out at 25 ° C and pH = 8, and concentrations of 0, 7. 5 and 15 ppm. Analysis of metabolites and enzyme assays were performed following two hours of treatment of algae with MG. 2. 2. Enzyme activity assays The algae was subjected to 7. 5 and 10 mg/L MG in the nutrient solution for 2 h to investigate the effect of the dye on antioxidant enzyme activity compared with a control. The algae biomass was homogenized in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7) containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 2000g at 4 ° C for 20 min. The supernatant was used as the crude extract for enzyme activity and protein content assays. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1. 15. 1. 1) activity was assayed by measuring its ability to inhibit the photochemical reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). Peroxidase (POD, EC 1. 11. 1. 7) activity was measured by spectrophotometry. Catalase (CAT, E. C. 1. 11. 1. 6) activity was measured spectrophotometrically by following the dismutation of H2O2 at 240 nm for 3 min and calculated using extinction coefficient 39. 4 M-1. cm-1. 2. 3. Non-enzymatic assays Plant photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids) were measured spectrometrically at 470, 662, and 645 nm, respectively, using equations described by Lichtenthaler (1987) after extraction from leaves with 100% acetone. Malondialdehyd (MDA), as a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, was estimated by measuring the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). TBARS were determined from the solution absorbance at 532 nm. Total phenolic compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The absorbance was measured at 720 nm by spectrophotometer. Flavonoid contents were measured by the aluminum chloride. Colorimetric assay as described previously. After 5 minutes absorbance of the solution read at 507 nm. Results and discussion: After 2 h exposure of algae with 7. 5 and 15 mg/L of MG, the content of photosynthetic pigments was determined. According to the results, the observed chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and the total chlorophyll content was decreased to 18. 3% after 2 h exposure (P>0. 05). Carotenoid content was significantly (P<0. 05) increased (48%) compared with control group after exposure with 7. 5 and 15 ppm of MG. These results showed that the increased level of carotenoids characterized by the antioxidant properties in response to dyestuffs is probably the part of the strategy adopted by Chara sp. to counteract the toxic effect of free radicals generated under oxidative stress. Chlorophyll content decreased may be due to the formation of proteolytic enzymes such as chlorophyllase which is responsible for the chlorophyll degradation and damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. During bioremediation of MG, the levels of MDA increased in the presence nonsignificantly. Oxidative stress initiates lipid peroxidation of cell membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Total phenol compounds were increased in algae by increasing the concentration of dye matter (P <0. 05). The amount of flavonoids was increased significantly in accordance with the increase of MG concentration (P <0. 05). Flavonoids were increased by two or three times as much as the concentration of dye matter compared to the control group. Total phenols play a significant role in the regulation of plant and algae metabolic processes and overall plant growth. It has been shown in some studies that synthesis of polyphenols depends on abiotic factors. Enzymatic analysis During phytoremediation processes, different plant enzymes (especially oxidoreductases) act on specific recalcitrant pollutants to remove them by precipitation or transformation to other products. SOD neutralizes reactive superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide, which is detoxified by other antioxidative enzymes such as CAT and POD. After 2 h exposure to 7. 5 and 15 ppm of MG, a signif-icant induction in the activity of SOD was observed in Chara sp., also the total SOD activity in the Chara significantly increased with increasing the MG concentration compared to the control. SOD is one of the ubiquitous enzymes in aerobic organisms and plays a key role in cellular defense mechanisms against ROS. Its activity modulates the relative amounts of O2.-and H2O2 and decreases the risk of OH-˙ radical formation. POD activity showed a similar pattern to the SOD activity, at high concentrations of MG, POD activity was increased up to 44% (compared to the control) (P < 0. 05). Increased POD activity at high concentrations of MG after the increment of SOD activity probably reflects the high demand for detoxification of produced H2O2. The activity of CAT was also decreased in the presence of 7. 5 and 15 ppm of MG. After 2 h exposure the activity of CAT was decreased 32% compared with control (P>0. 05). In the present work, CAT activity was significantly decreased by MG. Therefore, this enzyme did not appear to be an efficient scavenger of H2O2 produced during treatment of MG. The decline in CAT activity might be due to inhibition of enzyme synthesis or a change in the assembly of enzyme subunits in the presence of MG. Conclusion In the present study, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and other markers of oxidative stress and metabolites in Chara sp. were measured during the bioremediation of malachite green by macroalgae. The activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was significantly increased, while the activity of other main antioxidant enzyme, catalase was declined. Concentration of malondialdehyde, as a final product of lipid peroxidation, doesn't changed significantly during the remediation process. On the other hand, the amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyl a and b) was decreased, and phenolic compounds was significantly increased with increasing MG concentration. These data indicated that induction of oxidative stress during remediation of MG by Chara sp. affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes and some of the secondary metabolites in macroalgae. Finally, macroalgae Chara sp. increases antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme metabolites to achieve hemostasis during bioremediation process.

In recent years the use of toxic and carcinogenic synthetic antioxidants are recommended to get limited. Therefore, the use of natural resource materials as an alternative substitution for synthetic compounds is indispensable. Throughout the present study, antioxidation properties of fennel essential oil, at different concentrations containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 mg/ml in refined soybean oil, at 90oC for a duration of 4 weeks, and in constant seven day intervals were evaluated by recording the anisidine value, peroxide value as well as totox value. Also the resistance time against oxidation of samples was measured through Rancimat apparatus. Then the results of the two tests, incubation (oven test) and rancimat, were compared with control and synthetic antioxidants of Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) in their allowable consuming concentrations. Based upon the results of the study it became evident that the antioxidant effects will be increasing by increase in the concentration of the essential oil. But in the investigated concentration range, no direct linear relationship was observed between treatments’ concentrations and their antioxidative activities in soybean oil. Concentrations of 0.5 and 0.6 mg/ml of fennel essential oil show a higher antioxidant activity than any of the synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT as regards soybean oil.

Environmental pollution by cadmium (Cd) is increasing. The entry of this heavy toxic metal into the food chain is a serious danger to human and animal populations. This study aims to evaluate the effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TP) containing 2. 96% of total curcuminoides (TCM) in modulating the adverse impacts of Cd in Japanese quail. 180 22-day-old male Japanese quails were randomly divided into six groups for 23 days and fed a basal diet (BD) supplemented with 3 gr/kg TP (containing 88. 18 mg of TCM), 5 mg/kg TP (containing 148 mg of TCM), 100 mg/kg Cd, 3 mg/kg TP plus 100 mg/kg Cd, and 5 gr/kg TP and 100 mg/kg Cd. The addition of TP to the Cd-contaminated diet reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, improved total antioxidant capacity, increased SOD and CAT activity, as well as decreasing MDA concentration. The TP supplementation significantly (p<0. 05) reduced the harmful effects of Cd on body weight loss, relative liver weight gain, and total protein concentration, besides increasing serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes. The findings of this study suggest that TP may reduce the toxic effects of Cd in Japanese quail by improving antioxidant status and reducing the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The addition of 5 g/kg TP to the Cd-contaminated diet results in more antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties than 3 g/kg TP.

Introduction: Physical activities can lead to the release of free radicals through oxidation pressure, and can also result in the decrease of free radicals in the body by producing antioxidation enzymes. However the key question is which type of exercise? The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of two kinds of physical activities, Eccentric and Concentric on some oxidation and anti-oxidation factors in the plasma of women involved in physical education.Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female student volunteers were randomly divided into 3 groups, the control group, the eccentric exercise group, and the concentric exercise group. Blood samples were taken from the test group twice (an hour before and again one hour after the training) in order to analyze the non-enzyme oxidation (GSH), oxidation pressure index (MDA) and absolute anti-oxidation capacity (ATC). Data was analysed using SPSS, version 13, through the analysis of variance test with 95% confidence (p<0.05).Result: Results showed that the amount of TAC, MDA, and GSH plasma after eccentric and concentric physical activities showed meaningful increases compared to before the activities. Also the amounts of GSH, MDA plasma after the eccentric and concentric activities had significant increase in comparison to the control group.Conclusion: It seems that severe eccentric and concentric physical activities are important stimulants causing considerable changes in the body’s oxidation system and these activities can improve anti-oxidation capacity.