As a legacy of Iran's political literature before Islam, Writing of Mirrors for princes has been one of the most important and influential historical-literary traditions in the history of Iran and Islam. The authors of the Mirrors for princes usually give political or moral advice to King by using anecdotes and stories related to the past kings and also by mentioning appropriate poems and verses. From this point of view, one of the main topics of the Mirrors for princes was to explain the functions of the royal institution. Works such as Khaje Nizam al-Mulk's Siyasatname, Ghazali's Nasihat al-Maluk, Kikavus bin Iskandar's Qabusnameh, and Saadi's Nasihat al-Maluk are among the most important works that have been written in this field. Among these, one of the least known Persian Writing of Mirrors is Aghraz al-Siyaseh fi Aaraz al-Riyaseh written by Khaje Mohammad bin Ali al-Zahiri al-Katib Samarkandi. This book is a text of ancient works of Persian literature, which is written in artificial and technical prose and contains the history and subtleties of the words of kings, rulers, warriors, philosophers, Iranian and non-Iranian scientists, prophets and caliphs. With this definition, this article seeks to answer the main question based on the analytical-comparative method, whether it is possible to examine the Aghraz al-Siyaseh in the framework of the tradition of writing of Mirrors for princes? Based on the findings of the research, the adaptation of the characteristics of the texts of Mirrors for princes with the text of Aghraz al-Siyaseh shows .

Letter of advice writing process is one of the most important main grounds of Transferring Iran – Shaharic idea in Iranian Islamic history. Numerous foreign attacks to Iran- Shahar‚ including Muslim Arabs and Mongol offensives‚ and on the other hand‚ Turks’ emigration called for this necessity for Iranian elites provide prelininaries of familiarizing them with the manners of governing and managing the country‚ by moving in Iran – Shaharic ideas and letter of advice writing.This writing tries to have knowledge of the causes and state of continuing the process in Ilkhanid’s period‚ by searching in political letter of advices of the mentioned era. To reach the aim‚ first we speak briefly about the elites’ times and lives to know how has been the Political conditions ruled the period and what political- social ground the process has continued; Then we study their mental principles in Iran – Shahric ideas Frame‚ and finally we are going to find what were the causes of letter of advice writing process in the mentioned period.On the basis of Historical sources and comparative studies‚ it’s evident what the letter of advice writers of the time thought about‚ was strengthening the centralized government theory based on Iran – Shahric ideas for improving conditions and reducing social injuries after a course of destruction and confusion; therefore‚ they try to help the ruler reach to the aim by explanting his necessities.

Political advice, as the legacy of Iranian political thought, has an important place in historical studies and political science. One of the most important periods in examining the evolution of writing in Iranian history is the Qajar period. This is important because of the multitude of guidelines and the content changes. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the themes in the Qajar Rules of Procedure, to explain their thematic developments and the factors influencing them. The findings of the present paper, while illustrating the content developments of Qajar periodic texts under the influence of factors such as the existence of a rationalist approach, critical position and application of new political concepts, challenge the view of those who considered the Qajar era to be a period of decadentism.

This research seeks to review evolutionary trend of the title “Zill-ullah” (the shadow of God) applying for the Iranian kings (Sultans) in medieval period as well as to describe its usage as cited in historical sources and mirrors for princes (Andarz Nameh).Therefore, this research endeavors to answer these questions: What was the historical trend of using Zill- ullah in historical sources and the mirrors for princes and since when and why it had been used and applied as the title of kings? The findings which is based on historical explanation, demonstrates that Zill- ullah had basically used in historical sources to describe the Caliphs. Since the 5th century (AH) onward, it had limitedly been used only to tribute some sultans but not as a title. In early medieval it used to refer to a legitimate just king but gradually it was routinized so then referred to the governors, either being righteous or oppressor. This research also proves that the trend of transferring this title from the Caliphs to Sultans at first had started in historical sources and then in mirrors for princes. However, after Ghazali’s Nasihat al muluk, some of the mirrors for princes also played an important role to support the Sultanate concept of Zill-ullahi through using various justifications.

Mirror for princes is an important stage of political thought development and presenting traditional functions of governance system that writing them have been continued for centuries. The provenance of apparition of the mirror for princes was existence of traditional for of governance, namely autocratic and dictator governances, therefore with formation of modern countries this kind of writing style has expired. Mirror for princes are texts in the context of political operation traditions and desirable approaches of administrating the governance. In Iran and Islamic World this literature tradition has enjoyed a particular popularity. So far many papers and books have been written regarding this literature tradition particularly from viewpoint of political doctrine. However, above paper tries to examine library references through descriptive-analytical method and to examine the philosophy of apparition and development, nature, objectives, features and functions of mirror for princes. Similarly, it is shown that the most important feature of mirror for princes was offering operational plans to governances.

Sa’di is on of those poets who`s has placed a special position to preaching and guiding the people and among his works, allocated throughout the text of bustan to advice and maxim on legal and ethical various subjects. Surely, sa`di on the way of to compose this work and expression of its moral point, direct or indirect have been affected by some previous sources and possibly using their content. The main purpose of this article is that the pay review of basis and sources of bustan`s maxims and show that sa’di when expression the maxims of this work has been affected by which of the texts and works. For this purpose is tried to with search and research on the resources that have been allocated more or less to the aphorisms, to discover and extract traces of influence sa`di from their moral and didactic content. From the most important the finding of this study can be mentioned that indirect effect of some pahlavi books of maxim (like maxims of azarbad marespandan and bozorgmehr book of maxim) and also noted sa`di directly influenced of moral and ethical works of poets and writers before him, and of this, sa`di`s influence from abo- shakur balkhi maxims, ferdowsi and keikavus is remarkable and noteworthy.