Background: Due to their nature and purpose, public organizations need employees who, despite many threats and employees under various pressures such as losing some points, still maintain their ethical courage when making decisions. This study was conducted to present a model for developing the ethical courage of employees in the railways of the Islamic Republic. Method: The present study is a developmental and applied approach that is done by qualitative method (directional qualitative content analysis). The statistical population was railway experts. 20 people were selected as a sample using snowball sampling method and through the existing knowledge in the field of moral courage and semi-structured interviews, effective dimensions and components were counted. The components were selected and the pattern of development of employeeschr('39') ethical courage was explained by interpretive structural modeling. Results: In this study, a total of 66 components of the development of employeeschr('39') ethical courage were counted. Then, using an interpretive structural model, it was divided into 5 dimensions (individual, organizational, occupational, managerial and environmental dimensions). Conclusion: In this study, a model is presented in order to develop the ethical courage of employees. This model has two levels, in the first level it includes the dimension (environmental) and in the second level it includes the dimensions (individual, managerial, organizational and professional). Also, due to the impact and dimensions of dimensions in this model, the environmental dimension is considered as a key independent variable and dimensions (individual, managerial, organizational and professional) are considered as intermediate or link variables in the development of employeeschr('39') ethical courage that have high impact and effectiveness.

A wise and appropriate confrontation with death has been the question and concern of many philosophical systems of thought, and various opinions have been presented about the desirability and undesirability of thinking about death and different solutions to eliminate the fear of death. One of the most famous solutions is the Epicurean and Stoic solution to deal with the fear of death, in which an attempt is made to psychologically convince the self through the psychological analysis of fear and assuming the factor of pleasure and pain. But in the theory of Socrates and Plato, which is based on the superiority and independent survival of the soul, the desired perfection of man is to reject the body and stay away from its desires and the senses, and such conditions naturally occur at the time of death. Therefore, the philosopher and sage, not only does not fear or run away from death but welcomes it. Many Islamic sages and mystics have adopted an approach similar to that of Socrates and Plato or similar to the Epicurean and Stoic approaches. Ibn Sina is one of those who, like Socrates and Plato, consider facing death bravely as a type of mystical perfection. However, following Aristotle's opinion, Farabi considered the virtue of courage to be learned and based on human will and discretion and interpreted it in the way of living.

AbstractObjective: The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding the phenomenon of brand courage in the fashion industry.Methodology: This research is exploratory in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection, which has been analyzed with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. Using purposeful sampling and considering the logic of theoretical sampling, an in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 university experts and marketing managers in the field of fashion and clothing industry. Also, in the quantitative section, 384 customers of Iranian clothing brands in Tehran were selected using a non-probability method. The tool for collecting data in the quantitative section was a questionnaire based on the findings of the qualitative section, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Quantitative data analysis was done by SmartPLS software.Findings: The analysis of the interviews using the theme analysis method showed that the pattern of the phenomenon of brand courage in the fashion industry includes five components: "brand-related features", "brand social actions", "advertising-related features", "competitor-related actions" and "related actions". with customers. Conclusion: The results of structural equation modeling showed that the model has a good fit and the components and indicators of the model have been able to have a meaningful explanation of the phenomenon of brand courage in the fashion industry.

Purpose: As organizations and individuals face increasing pressures and coercion, courageous actions become essential for effectively addressing these challenges. This research aims to investigate the antecedents and outcomes of courage within workplace settings through a comprehensive review of existing literature. Method: This study utilized a meta-synthesis approach for its research design. Sample selection was carried out using purposeful sampling techniques. Additionally, qualitative data were converted into quantitative data through Shannon's entropy method for indicator weighting and ranking. Findings: The antecedents of workplace courage were identified and categorized into four primary groups: individual, organizational, situational, and environmental factors, ranked in order of significance. Moreover, the manifestations of workplace courage were divided into positive and negative outcomes. Conclusion: The findings of this study offer valuable insights for businesses and organizational leaders regarding the vital role of courage in the workplace. By understanding the antecedents of courage, organizations can create environments that encourage courageous actions and maximize their beneficial effects.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the moral courage of internal auditors. Method: According to the method and nature, this research is a descriptivesurvey. The sample is comprised of the members of Iranian Association of Internal Auditors in 2019. We used Khalil et al (2018) Questionnaire for data collection. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using Amos software and structural equation modeling based on 230 questionnaires collected from internal auditors of Iranian Association of Internal Auditors. Results: The results indicate that positive attitudes, support and independence of internal auditors have a positive and significant effect on the moral courage. Also, the level of moral courage was different between the groups. Conclusion: Considering the Positive attitudes of internal auditors (self-efficacy, hope, and flexibility) in recruitment, improves internal reporting and avoids many of the norms. Subordinating internal auditors to the audit committee reduces the psychological pressure on internal auditors. Also, audit committee support for auditors enhances their moral courage in reporting weaknesses in the organization. Contribution: Research findings, in addition to extending the theoretical foundations of past research, contain valuable concepts to companies in support and recruitment of internal auditors.

Introduction: Nursing is a caring profession and nurses need moral courage to provide safe and professional care to clients. Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted among nurses working in the educational hospitals in Tehran in 2016. A sample of 360 nurses was selected by quotas and convenience sampling. Data were collected by self-report method using demographic questionnaire and moral courage questionnaire of nurses. Data analysis was done using SPSS Ver. 16 software and descriptive and analytical statistics at a significance level of p <0. 05. Results: The most of the nurses (76 %) have the high level of moral courage (412. 42 ± 42. 65). Moral selfactualization (230. 85± 30. 74) and risk-taking (139. 40± 19. 97). There were significant correlation between age, working experience, position, working shift, employee status, and participation in professional ethics courses with dimension of moral courage (P value ˂ 0. 05). Conclusions: According to the findings, participating in professional ethics courses, and the demographic and occupational variables should be considered in staffing and scheduling.

Background As regards professional moral courage is an essential feature for ethical behavior in corporate environments. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between professional moral courage and social capital. Methods This is a descriptive-correlation research. Population of the study includes 230 personnel of Hakim Sabzevari University. According to Morgan table, 144 individuals were selected using stratified random sampling method. Of these, 129 completed questionnaires were returned. Data were collected through two questionnaires: professional moral courage and social capital. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and canonical correlation analysis was used. Results The results showed that there is significant positive relationship between the component of professional moral courage and the component of social capital. Conclusion In order to increase social capital in the organization, it is necessary to create and strengthen the field of professional moral courage in employees.

Background & Purpose: Courageous behaviors are very important for organizations because they can solve their problems and instill long-term trust in the organization. The purpose of this research is to understand the process of choosing courageous behavior in public organizations. Methodology: This research is applied research with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method was used. The participants in this research were experts in the behavioral-human resources field of public organizations of East Azerbaijan province (Tabriz & Marand Cities) were selected as a statistical sample through a purposeful sampling method. The tool of data collection was semi-structured interview. The obtained interview data was analyzed and codified using Maxquda Version 2020. Findings: Based on the result, the central category was explained in four subcategories of "persistence and resilience", "brave and boldness", "activity and not being indifferent to observed deviations", and "the ability to preserve identity and honesty in telling the truth". Causal conditions were classified in the form of two categories of individual and structural factors, background conditions in the form of managers' personality and performance, social pressure, informal organization and educational and social contexts, and intervening conditions in the form of economic, political and cultural factors. Actions-reactions were also identified in the form of the categories of developing a risk-taking culture, modeling brave people and publishing their narratives, raising awareness and training human resources, expanding effective bilateral and multilateral interactions, and designing encouraging and supportive mechanisms promoting courage behaviors. Finally, the results were categorized into the categories of individual, organizational, and extra-organizational achievements. Conclusion: Human resources managers can learn about courageous behavior, its choosing process, and the consequences of this behavior in organizations with the help of the paradigm model presented in this research and finally, make a series of structural, cultural, and political reforms to develop courage behavior.