ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan residential complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, and the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of residential complexes based on the   theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of residential complexes based on the theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

پدیده تفکیک همراه با رشد سریع شهرنشینی به یک مسئله اصلی برای پایداری کلان شهرها تبدیل شده است. با افزایش نقش صنعت، تکنولوژی و دانش، تقسیم کار بیشتری در کلان شهر تبریز صورت گرفته و تفکیک در ساختار فضایی کلان شهر تبریز بیشتر نمایان گشته است. هدف تحقیق بررسی شدت تفکیک فضایی-اقتصادی گروه های شغلی به عنوان معرف مولفه درآمد و نحوه توزیع طبقات شغلی در ساختار فضایی کلان شهر تبریز در سال 1390 براساس رهیافت ریخت شناسانه است. روش تحقیق کمی، از نظر هدف توصیفی محور و از نظر نوع، کاربردی است. براساس داده های سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن سال 1390 ، داده های شغلی در سطح بلوک های آماری در دو حالت فضایی و ساختاری مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. بعد ساختاری (غیرفضایی) جهت سنجش شدت تفکیک گروه های شغلی از طریق چهار شاخص تک گروهی کلاسیک تفکیک و سه شاخص محلی، بعد فضایی جهت تحلیل نحوه توزیع فضایی گروه های شغلی در سطح کلان شهر تبریز از روش تراکم هسته ای کرنل استفاده شده است. نتایج حاکی از تفکیک متوسط به پائین گروه های شغلی بالا و پائین براساس شاخص های کلاسیک است. در حالی که طبقه شغلی متوسط تفکیک متوسط به بالا (0/60) را نشان می دهد. با توجه به نتایج موران ساختار فضایی طبقات شغلی در کلان شهر تبریز خوشه ای زیاد می باشد. الگوی فضایی با توجه به نتایج تراکم هسته ای کرنل برای طبقه شغلی بالا چندمرکزی پراکنده، طبقه شغلی متوسط چندمرکزی و طبقه شغلی پائین الگوی شبه حلقوی و پیوسته دارد.

هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی عوامل موثر بر شکاف دستمزد، میان کشورهای در حال توسعه منتخب با ایران در قالب مدل جغرافیای جدید اقتصادی است. برای این منظور از روش داده های تابلویی، برای 16 کشور در حال توسعه منتخب عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی طی دوره زمانی 1998-2007 استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از مطالعه حاضر، مدل جغرافیای جدید اقتصادی توضیح مناسبی برای ساختار فضایی دستمزد ایران فراهم می کند. نتایج موید این است که اندازه بازار و فاصله وزنی با دستمزد رابطه مثبت و قیمت کالاهای غیرقابل تجارت بر ساختار جغرافیایی دستمزد اثر منفی دارند. بنابراین، در تعیین سطوح دستمزد صنعتی ایران بیش از آنکه ویژگی های نیروی کار یا بهره وری نیروی کار تعیین کننده باشد، شرایط حاکم بر بازار نیروی کار موثر است.

تعامل عمیق، پیچیده و مداوم بارش با سایر عناصر و عوامل اقلیمی سبب تغییر و تنوع این عنصر در بعد زمان و مکان و نیز جلب توجه و هدایت مطالعات اقلیم شناسان و حتی علوم مرتبط با اقلیم شناسی شده است. یکی از رویکردهای مطالعاتی، توصیف تنوع مکانی بارش بر اساس آماره های مکانی است. بدین دلیل نیاز شناخت مبادی و مبانی این قبیل مطالعات از ضرورت های اولین در اقلیم شناسی است. در مطالعه حاضر هدف بر این است که ضمن معرفی مبانی آمار مکانی، با استفاده از روش های آماری، رفتار عمومی بارش ایران زمین در امتداد مکان ارائه گردد. دراین راستا از داده های بارش روزانه 1437 ایستگاه همدید، اقلیم شناسی و باران سنجی از 1/1/1340 تا 11/10/1383 استفاده شده است. در ابتدا بر اساس روش کریجینگ پراکندگی مکانی بارش مورد بحث قرار گرفت. سپس سه مشخصه اندازه های توزیع مکانی، همبستگی مکانی و مدل سازی رگرسیونی در معرض توجه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که مرکز ثقل (گرانیگاه) بارش های سالانه در مختصات 34o41’ شمالی و 50o58’ شرقی رخ می دهد. تغییرات مکانی این مرکز ثقل در مسیر سامانه های عمده بارش ایران زمین است. ناپایستگی مکانی مرکز ثقل در راستای محور شمال غرب جنوب شرق و گویای جابه جایی بیش تر این مرکز در امتداد مذکور است. همبستگی مکانی گویای رابطه مکانی در شعاع حدود 12 کیلومتری است. مدل برازنده بر داده های مکانی گویای بزرگی اثر شیب و جهت گیری آن بر میزان بارش است.

این مقاله سعی دارد وجهی از معماری ایرانی را فراسوی علوم محض، بازخوانی کند. نظام فضایی همان واقعیت روحانی، نقشه پنهان و زیر نقشی بود، که در نسبت با آنچه «جا» می خواندیم «همه جا» بود. نظامی که به جای آنکه «قرار گیرد»، «قرار می داد» و «استقرار می بخشید». کاربردی بودن هنر معماری، تصور خیالی و «صورت» آن را بدون توجه به وجه ملموس و کارکردش ابترا می نمایاند. نظام فضایی به عنوان حلقه واسط وجه ملموس و غیره ملموس معماری، سازمان یافتگی والگوی فضایی بود، که واقعه و عملکردهایی که «هست بودن» در آنها تحقق می یافت، را قابل حصول می کرد. نظامی که بایدها و نبایدهای الگوهای حرکت و زندگی را نیز فراهم می ساخت. این نظام چیزی فراتر از عملکرد گرایی را به ذهن متبا در می سازد. براساس مستندات، نظام فضایی معماری ایرانی که با برداشت و الگوپذیری از ساخت و نظام فضایی عالم شکل می گرفت، انواع و ساختاری سه گانه داشته است. انواع آن شامل سلسله مراتب مفهومی، مرکزی و محوری بوده و دارای ساختار جهت گیری، مرکز گرایی و محوریت عمودی بوده است. نظام فضایی پس از تجسد در وجه ملموس و کالبد معماری، «شکل» های مختلفی را می نمایانده است.