With respect to the influence of extraction method on the oil yield and essential oil composition, we examined three common methods of extraction (i.e. water and steam distillation, hydrodistillation and steam distillation) on the oil yield and essential oil composition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn from Iran. The oils were produced at the yields of 0.22, 0.60 and 0.60% (based on fresh weights), respectively. The essential oils were then analysed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds were identified which among them 1,8-cineole (63.7,48.8,35.6%), pcymene ( 15.2,16.3,21.3%), spathulenol (3.9, 3.7, 6.7%) and g-terpinene (5.1,2.3,2.5%) were the major constituents, respectively.

Backgrond: Thymus daenensis Celak. subsp. daenensis is one of the endogenous Thymus species in Iran. The plant is traditionally used as carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, antitussive and expectorant in Iran. Objective: To study the Composition of the Volatile Oil of Thymus daenensis Celak. subsp. Daenensis. Method: In this study, the hydrodistilled oil of the aerial parts of T. daenensis subsp. daenensis was analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The result indicates that the oil contains over twenty-six components (99.7%). The main components were thymol (74.7%), pcymene (6.5%), â-caryophyllene (3.8%) and methyl carvacrol (3.6%). Conclusion: This species has rich in phenolic substances specially thymol which might considered as a substitute for Thymus vulgaris.

Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. is one of the Iranian medicinal plants that grows in different areas of Iran such as Mazandaran, Gilan, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and Tehran. In this study, variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus apical shoots at different developmental stages, including vegetative, early flower opening and full flowering stages is reported. The obtained oils by hydro distillation of dried samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The maximum percentage of oil was in full flowering stage (3. 5%). 21, 25 and 19 compounds were identified in the oils of apical shoots in vegetative, early flower opening and full flowering plants, respectively. The major components of the branches essential oils were similar in all stages which included carvacrol, sabinene hydrate, 1, 8-cineole, pcymene and borneol. Results showed that the essential oil of T. kotschyanus apical shoots were rich in monoterpenes (19 compounds). 95. 48%, 95. 26% and 90. 69% of the total identified compounds were monoterpens in vegetative, early flower opening and full flowering stages, respectively.

Frankincense is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from Boswellia trees. In this study, Boswellia serrate essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus, then segregation and recognition of components was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The follin-ciocalteu method was used for estimating total phenol content and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by several methods including, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and rancimat test in different concentrations (100-1000 ppm). Components identification revealed that α-pinene (29.8%), a-thujene (5.92%), b-Pinen (3.41%) and pcymene (3.16%) had the highest percentage in the essential oil, and the total phenolic content was 94.88 mg GAE equivalents/100g of essential oil. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was dosedependent in all tests and the highest inhibition of DPPH radicals, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity was detected at a concentration of 1000 ppm, which were 22.23%, 0.65 and 1.18, respectively. In rancimat test, the highest oxidative stability of the oil was also recorded for concentration of 1000 ppm of the essential oil. Results of the present study demonstrated that Boswellia serrata essential oil could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants for oil and oil-containing foods.

Background and Objectives: Listeria monocytogenes is an emerging foodborne pathogen which may be transmitted through meat and dairy products to humans. In this study, effects of Cuminum cyminum essential oil (CCEO) and Biarum carduchcorum water extract (BCWE) and a combination of the two compounds on growth of L. monocytogenes and physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of lambs were investigated during cold storage. Materials and Methods: Effects of CCEO and BCWE on L. monocytogenes were investigated after a short time of cold storage using broth microdilution assay. Furthermore, physicochemical assessments of the lamb samples were carried out, including meat quality index (pH, color, texture) and sensory analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (CGMS) was used for the chemical analysis. Results: The GC-MS analysis showed that γ-terpinene (%12. 57), β-pinene (%11. 03), geranyl acetate (%10. 81), pcymene (%9. 95) and sabinene (%9. 81) were the major components of the CCEO. Use of CCEO or BCWE alone decreased L. monocytogenes count to below 2 log CFU/g. Moreover, use of combined CCEO and BCWE decreased the number of L. monocytogenes to below the limit (2 log CFU/g) after 48 h. Conclusions: Results of the physicochemical parameters of the highlighted compounds revealed their useful values since these compounds showed improvement effects with no significant changes in meat quality. However, the firmness and force necessary to cut the samples treated with CCEO decreased mildly after 72 h of storage.

Background: Nowadays, finding naturalcompoundswith antimicrobial properties against pathogens is very important, especially for the food and drug industries. Objectives: The antibacterial activity of chitosan coatings nanoemulsion (NE) containing Zataria multiflora and Bunium persicum essential oils (EOs) was evaluated in a food model (chicken breast fillets) during 15 days of refrigerated storage. Methods: The chicken breast fillets were divided into seven groups: control, chitosan 2%, sonicated chitosan 2%, chitosan NE coating containing Z. muitiflora EO (ZMEO, 0. 5%, and 1 %) and chitosan NE coating containing B. persicum EO (BPEO, 0. 5%, and 1 %). Characteristics of chitosan NE coatings containing EOs were analyzed. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of coatings against Listeria monocytogenes was investigated. Results: The results showed good properties of the NE coatings. The analysis of EOs revealed that the major components for ZMEO were carvacrol (51. 55%) and thymol (25. 49%). In addition, the main components of BPEO were p-cumic aldehyde (38. 39%) and pcymene (18. 36%). All treatments exhibited antimicrobial properties,however, the best result was recorded for chitosan NE coating containing 1% ZMEO, which was the lowest amount of L. monocytogenes (7. 61 Log CFU/g). Moreover, L. monocytogenes analysis for chitosan NE coating containing 1% BPEO samples was 7. 73 Log CFU/g. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the results of this study, chitosan NE coating containing ZMEO and BPEO as natural preservatives can be recommended for meat products, especially chicken meats.

Background: Many members of the genus Satureja L. (Lamiaceae) have interesting pharmacological and biological properties.Objective: In this research, major essential oil (EO) compositions, rosmarinic acid (RA) content, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts of nine Satureja species (S. bachtiarica, S. mutica, S. sahandica, S. macrantha, S. atropatana, S. edmondi, S. spicigera, S. isophylla and S. intermedia) were assessed.Methods: The chemical composition of EO was determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. RA content of the extract was detected using a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method, and the 2,2- diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging procedure was used to study of antioxidant capacity.Results: According to the analytical results, EO of the most samples were mainly composed of pcymene, g-terpinene, thymol, and carvacrol. There was a wide variability for RA content among the studied species ranging from 0.03 mg g-1 RA (S. sahandica) to 1.11 mg g-1 RA (S. isophylla). The lowest IC50 in the radical scavenging assay was shown by S. sahandica extracts as compared to the other samples. This activity was followed by S. spicigera and S. edmondi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied from 0.06 to 32 mg ml-1, however, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value differed from 0.06 to>64 mg ml-1. Moreover, S. sahandica revealed the lowest inhibitory activity against all microorganisms tested particularly on E. coli.Conclusion: In conclusion, the extracts of certain Satureja species have the potential to be considered as alternatives for synthetic food preservatives and antibiotics.

Objective: Satureja (F: Labiatea) species are present in the worldwide. 12 Satureja species grow in Iran that 8 species are endemic. These plants are famous due to use as a culinary and medicinal plant.Methodes: In this research the aerial parts of Satureja sahendica were collected from east Azarbayejan provinence, Osku at E: 46 10 3.6, N: 37 43 52.7 and 2048 m heigh.The air dried parts of plants were kept at 2oc up to used for GC analysis. The plant materials seprated to two different parts, inflorescence (S1), Leaf and stem (S2). 30 – 40 gr of each samples were subjected to hydro – distillation for 4 h using a clevenger- type apparatus to produce essential oil. Hydrodistillation was repeated thrice for each sample and average was calculated.Results: The essential oil was found to be yellow liquid and was obtained in yields of 1.66 ± 0.19 for S1 and 1.5 ± 0.12 for S2 based on v/w. 28 compounds were identified in the oil of S1 that thymol (32.5 %), g– terpinen (29.33 %) and p– cymene (23.48 %) are main constituents and 23 compounds were characterized in the oil of S2 that main constituents were p– cymene (44.88 % ), thymol (28.22%) and g– terpinen (10.07 %). The antioxidant activitities of S1 and S2 samples were assessed by DPPH assay and RC50 values were 7.38×10-2 and 7.15×10-2mg/ ml, respectively.Conclusion: Investigations showed that the essential oil of aerial parts of S. sahendica had a high antioxidant activity and due to high amount of thymol and Pcymene and other terpenoids in the oil, it can be used as a culinary and medicinal plant and perfume industries.

Background: Diabetes is a serious public health problem in low-and middle-income countries. There is a strong association between hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and the development of diabetes. Therefore, screening and early diagnosis of this disease in people at high risk can be effective in preventing these complications. The main route of insulin signaling is to control lipid and glucose metabolism, and its imbalance leads to type 2 diabetes. p-Cymene is an aromatic monoterpene with a wide range of therapeutic properties including antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of p-Cymene at a dose of 50 mg / kg in preventing the symptoms of diabetes and serum factors. Methods: In this study, 30 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were randomly selected and divided into five groups: control, diabetic control (sham), metformin-treated diabetic (met), and non-diabetic treated. p-Cymene and diabetics treated with p-Cymene were divided. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 55 mg / kg. One week after streptozotocin injection, treatment with PCymene at a dose of 50 mg / kg was performed by sunflower oil solvent for 28 days by gavage. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the hearts of rats and the parameters of glucose, insulin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Results: The results showed that diabetes increased water and food intake as well as glucose levels and decreased insulin (P<0. 001) and superoxide dismutase activity in rats and administration of p-Cymene extract improved the symptoms of diabetes and oxidative stress in Became diabetic rat.