Consumption of contaminated water and foods by Salmonella Typhi cause the most common enteric disease known as Typhoid fever in both humans and animals. Despite the existence of various vaccines but infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality worldwide. Nowadays, in-silico tools design a reliable and stable vaccine to combat such infections. The study aimed to design and evaluate a multi-epitope vaccine based on the outer-membrane proteins of Salmonella Typhi. B-cells and T-cells epitopes were predicted. Predicted epitopes were connected by AAY, KK, and GPGPG linkers. Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin (HBHA) has been attached to the N-terminal of the final vaccine as a potent immune adjuvant. Epitope’s antigenicity, allergenicity, immunogenicity, and physicochemical characteristics were defined using in-silico tools. Molecular docking of vaccine-TLR4 was done. ∆G of vaccine-TLR4 is -3.91×104 Kcal mol-1 with 1.93 RMSD. The results indicated protein was stable and non-allergen. In conclusion, the multi-epitope vaccine base on outer membrane proteins of the Salmonella Typhi bacterium might be considered to combat typhoid fever.

Porins from Salmonella typhi 0-901 and Salmonella typhimurium Ra-30 were characterized and compared. The elution profile of porins from these salmonella species on Sepharose-48 and HPLC appear to be very similar. The findings were confirmed by the electrophoretic pattern which showed three types of porins, i.e.OmpC, OmpD and OmpF in both species. These porins appear to be similar, if not identical, as the LPS-absorbed antiporin antibodies reacted with homologous as well as heterologous antigens. The results of this study favour the use of porins as a common immunogen to control salmonellosis since porin patterns were found to be quite similar among the serotypes of salmonellae, unlike other enterobacterial species.

Background: At present, the status of oral and maxillofacial pathology (OMFP) in the country is not properly good. This study aimed to investigate the current status and develop practical approaches to improve occupational condition of the specialty in the future from the viewpoint of the beneficiaries. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross‑, sectional study. The participants were oral and maxillofacial pathologists of the country (200 individuals), OMFP residents (9 individuals), and final year dental students at six dentistry school of the country at 2020 (200 individuals) through multicenter design. At the first phase, the related questionnaires were developed and assessed psychometrically. Reliability of the questionnaires, internal consistency, and repeatability were computed and confirmed. At the second phase, the survey questionnaires on the current and future condition were sent electronically to the study groups. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and the Pearson test using SPSS. Results: At the first phase, after primary design of the study too, 23 variables with content validity ratio below 0. 56 and content validity index (CVI) below 0. 79 were omitted. The questionnaire for the specialists was confirmed with Cronbach’, s alpha of 0. 75 and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as 0. 83, and the questionnaire for the students and the residents were confirmed with Cronbach’, s alpha of 0. 95 and ICC of 0. 80. Results of the second phase showed that score of tendency of students to select OMFP specialty to continue education was 1. 58 ±,0. 57 from 5. Satisfaction score of specialists on specialized activity of this specialty is 2. 7 ±,1. 52 from 5. The most important reason for the students to select this specialty was “, interest in being faculty member, ”,and the “, difficulty of the specialty”,was the most probable reason for not selecting this specialty. The most important priority of the residents was “, interest in specialty”,and for the specialists was “, being faculty member. ”,The most important reason to change attitude regarding the specialty by the specialists was mentioned as “, high occupational and profession responsibility as well as low income”,with the score of 1. 38 ±,3. 99. “, Fundamental revision in the educational curriculum of the specialty”,with a score of 4. 60 ±,0. 93 from 5 was considered as the most important revisionary approach from the viewpoint of specialists. Conclusion: At present, the main problem regarding the OMPF specialty in the country is “, high number of graduates and lack of the present occupational opportunities. ”,Evaluation and validation of the relevant specialized departments, producing occupational opportunities, and fundamental revision in the educational curriculum to train well‑, powered specialists are necessary.