There are various connections between terrorist organizations and criminal groups. Among organized crime, the involvement of terrorist groups in drug trafficking has become increasingly widespread. "Narcoterrorism" or "drug-related terrorism" is a clear manifestation of the link between terrorism and transnational organized crime, which is reflected in two main concepts: Direct involvement of terrorists in the drug trade to finance their activities as well as the use of terrorist methods by drug trafficking organizations to facilitate the drug trade. Although the relationship and interaction between these two phenomena has been recognized globally, but the forms and nature of this interaction due to its ambiguity and complexity, has always been debated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the combination of terrorism and drug trafficking in a single phenomenon called narcoterrorism. It also provides an answer to the question of what is the link between these two global threats and, from the perspective of international law, what steps have been taken to combat this link. The findings of this study show that drug trafficking has become the most important source of funding for terrorist groups in the world. And as long as there is widespread supply and demand for drugs on a global scale, the fight against narcoterrorist threats will not be successful. In addition, the lack of a comprehensive and binding global legal document has made counter-terrorism a problem. The present study is descriptive in nature and method and it is analytical and in terms of type, it is fundamental and the information contained in the research has been collected in a library method.

Background: One way of quitting addiction is forming narcotics anonymous (NA) groups. Noticing the high rate of reappearance of drug usage in these groups, the researchers decided to obtain a proper method of increasing the duration of abandonment period through the analysis of different factors affecting the reappearance of addiction.Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional analytical study, all NA members (350 men) in Khomein were evaluated through questionnaire and referral interview. Data related to factors affecting quitting addiction, development of addiction, and reappearance of addiction were analyzed.Results: The most important causes of addiction were enjoyment and curiosity (75.1%), whereas the most important factors in abandonment were weariness and pressure from family (45.4%). Also, 48.9% of individuals had previously relapsed into using narcotic substances. The most important factors in reappearance of addiction in NA groups were unemployment and change in income (12.6%). A significant relationship was found between level of education and place of living and addiction to narcotics (p=0.000), whereas there were no significant relationships between the type of narcotic substance and quitting addiction or the mean age of individuals and trying or not trying to quit.Conclusion: Noticing the high rate of reappearance of narcotics usage in NA groups, it seems that current programs for prevention of addiction have not been successful in this regard. However, based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that provision of employment opportunities after quitting addiction can, to some extent, prevent the reappearance of addiction in NA groups.

This article has no abstract regards to the type of article

today, narcotics production and trade with a 3000 billion dollars capital turnover has become a geopolitical arena and thus can be referred as narcotics’ geopolitics. In this arena we face players in three local, regional and global levels. At the lowest level, i.e the local level, there are Afghanistan’s farmers who make the lowest profit from this illegal business despite the fact that they make great effort.At the second level, the smugglers are placed who transfer narcotics from Afghanistan to the regional markets and make different profits related to their activities. Finally, at the highest level, there are international mafia and drug cartels which are engaged in this dirty businesses at global level and while making the biggest profit, they are generally freet from prosecution and legal punishment. On the other hand, the production and smuggling of narcotics in Afghanistan has harmful consequences for its neighboring countries, particularly to the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings of this study show that Iran’s neighborhood with Afghanistan, also, its location at the main route of drug smuggling threaten the security of Iran’s western borders in particular and Iran’s national security in terms of political, security, social and cultural, in general seriously. Drug and goods smuggling, illegal border crossings, human trafficking, increase in border conflicts and insecurity, increase in murder and felony, holding people for ransom in boundary regions, and etc. are some of these threats. This paper reviews the consequences of narcotics production and smuggling for Iran’s eastern boundary regions’ security; using a descriptive-analytical method while explaining the narcotics geopolitics in Afghanistan.

Background: Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant. narcotics also reduce anxiety and aggression and create a kind of euphoria. These characteristics provide a special attraction for the abuse of these substances for sexual behaviors, and by that, high-risk sexual behaviors. Objectives: The current research intended to compare the impact of methamphetamine and narcotics on sexual high-risk behaviors. Patients and Methods: This comparative study was performed on 91 men (49 amphetamine and 42 narcotics abusers) from the patients of Yareegar Clinic in Tehran, Iran, within 2019-2021. A substance-influenced sexual behavior questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the use of amphetamine and narcotics affect on sexual desire, function, and sexual pleasure (P < 0. 001). The investigation of behaviors in the two groups showed significant differences between the two groups in increasing sexual desire, sexual pleasure, desire for sex in anonymous situations, and intimacy and eroticism in a relationship and reducing the negative emotional consequences of sexual behavior (P < 0. 001). Conclusions: The use of amphetamines can provide a vicious cycle of arousal-desire by desire and intensification of sexual behaviors, thereby increasing the likelihood of the occurrence and spread of infectious disorders, a phenomenon that is also observed in the use of narcotics. By training sexual skills and making individuals more efficient and cognitive, they can be prevented from entering the aforementioned cycle.

narcotics in the recent half-century has found characteristics due to the diversity and spread of addiction and social evil and harmful effects that may be considered as one of the created topics and many jurisprudential subsidiaries may be assumed for it in the regard of restrictions, castigation, unlawful businesses, food and drinking. Inconsideration to the jurisprudential and moral fundamentals for organizing the social relationships in addition to its concepts and obvious negative dimensions has many hidden harmful dimensions that may be more risky. In this literature, it was attempted to briefly, in addition to verifying the reasons of jurisprudential fundamentals regarding the narcotics and its moral fundamentals in details; the role of female police for campaigning against the narcotics is investigated. It seems that the general jurisprudence principles and generalities and additional of book (Quran) and tradition explains the forbidding of consuming narcotics and the female polices can create the peace and trust in the women society particularly families, while rendering the services in accordance with the tactful moral fundamentals together with kindness and observing the Islamic provisions and orders confronting the accused persons.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the temperament and character dimensions in narcotics addicted and normal persons.Method: The method of research was causative-comparative. The study sample consisted of 120 addicts and non addicts who had referred to 3 narcotics addict’s treatment centers in Ardabil city. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling. To collect data, temperament/character inventory were used.Findings: The results showed that novelty seeking and harm avoidance in addicts is significantly greater than normal persons. Also, results showed that reward dependence, self directedness, and cooperativeness in narcotics addicts is significantly lower than normal persons.Conclusion: The results show that temperament and character dimensions determine the addiction intensity in addicted people.

Objective The current study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the twelve-step training of the association of narcotics anonymous on resilience and self-efficacy of members of the association of narcotics anonymous in the city of Qom. Method This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included members of the association of narcotics anonymous in Qom. Among them, 30 people were selected using the convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. The participants of both groups completed the resilience questionnaire and the self-efficacy questionnaire in the pretest and posttest. The sessions of twelve-step training of the association of narcotics anonymous were administered to the experimental group in twelve 90-minute sessions. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, and the twelve-step training program could increase the resilience and self-efficacy of members of the association of narcotics anonymous. Conclusion This research has provided experimental support for the treatment of twelve-step training of the association of narcotics anonymous in increasing resilience and self-efficacy of substance-dependent individuals who are in recovery from substance use disorder, therefore, this treatment is a suitable method for treating substance-dependent individuals.

Context: High rates of mortality and chemical dependence occur following the overuse of narcotic medications, and the prescription of these medications has become a central discussion in health care. Eff orts to curtail opioid prescribing include Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guidelines, which describe local anesthesia techniques to decrease or eliminate the need for opioids when used in a comprehensive protocol. Here, we review eff ective perioperative blocks for the decreased use of opioid medications post-breast reconstruction surgery. Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive review was conducted using keywords narcotics, opioid, surgery, breast reconstruction, pain pump, nerve block, regional anesthesia, and analgesia. Papers that described a local anesthetic option for breast reconstruction for decreasing postoperative narcotic consumption, written in English, were included. Results: A total of 52 papers were included in this review. Local anesthetic options included single-shot nerve blocks, nerve block catheters, and local and regional anesthesia. Most papers reported equal or even superior pain control with decreased nausea and vomiting, length of hospital stay, and other outcomes. Conclusions: Though opioid medications are currently the gold standard medication for pain management following surgery, strategies to decrease the dose or number of opioids prescribed may lead to better patient outcomes. The use of a local anesthetic technique has been shown to reduce narcotic use and improve patients’ pain scores after breast reconstruction surgery.