According to classical texts, Dara stands out as a significant city from the early Parthian era, situated on the eastern fringes of the Parthian Empire. Classical sources have documented this region under various names such as Apavortene, Zapaortenon, Partauticena, and Apauarcticena. Since the latter half of the nineteenth century, Iranologists have engaged in speculation about the location of Dara, drawing insights from descriptions provided by Justin and Pliny, as well as references to its whereabouts in classical texts. This research endeavors to offer relative conjectures concerning the location of Dara and Shahr-Tepe, a potential site representing it, through an evaluation of archaeological data alongside classical and Islamic texts. To achieve the research objectives using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study employs the library research method and incorporates archaeological data. In alignment with classical texts, the research suggests that the province of Apavortene is situated in Eastern Iran, and there exists a likelihood that the Islamic-period Abivard is a transformed manifestation of this Parthian-period province. Aditionally, a comparative examination of Dara in classical texts with present-day Shahr-Tepe in Dargaz reveals congruence, aligning with the descriptions provided by Justin and Pliny. Shahr-Tepe, located on the opposite side of Hezar Masjed Mountains between Nisa and Abivard, exhibits a singular historical period. Surrounded by Hezar Masjed Mountains, the region boasts an abundance of rivers and springs, expansive meadows, and remnants of forests within Tandooreh National Park and Tivan region. These characteristics confirm the general depiction of Apavortene and Dara found in classical sources. Collectively, these findings suggest that Shahr-Tepe, covering an area of approximately 70 hectares, could indeed represent the prominent city of the early Parthian period

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

The commercial exchanges between people, companies, people and companies, people and companies with governments, and so on is increasing rapidly. There is an obvious shift from using paper documents to exchanges using electronic information. The e-commerce is considered as a viable alternative due to its speed, efficiency, and low expenses. The insurance industry as one of the most dynamic business activities is not an exception. Information technology has various effects on different activities in the insurance industry. It gives flexibility to it, changes its system and enhances its movement beyond the existing limitations and traditional regulations. One of the implications of information and communication technology in insurance industry is the electronic insurance. The e-insurance in its general view intends to provide facilities for customers to get access to the insurance services through a safe intermediary phase and without physical attendance. The main issue in this study is the feasibility of presenting the existing insurance products through the Internet from operational, cultural, technical, and legal aspects at Parsian, Asia, Alborz, Razi, Tosse, Sina, and Moallem Insurance Companies. The hypotheses of the study were statistically tested using t-student and Wilcoxon tests. The results confirmed that the possibility of presenting the existing insurance products through the Internet from operational, cultural, technical, and legal aspects is still weak.

Resource-based development is one of the subjects that economists have thought about. Given better economic performance of the countries with fewer natural resources compared to that of the resourceful states, most economists hold that resource-based development has failed. A rather fewer number of economists, having in mind the important role of natural resources in the production process, believe that resource-based development could be successful providing that the right strategy is adopted. This article tries to review the reasoning of both groups. Meanwhile, the study is illustrated with some successful experiences of some countries including the USA, Norway, South Africa, and Finland versus unsuccessful experiences including those of the OPEC member countries. The results of the research indicate that resource-based development has been a success story in the countries where the industries related to the natural resources have developed the economy as the leading industries rather than resorting to rents.

A city is a container composed of several elements. Since urban operations involve a large number of related elements at different decision levels, integrated urban management to coordinate efforts at different levels is an irrefutable necessity. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the integrated urban management of Tehran with a forward-looking approach. For this purpose, the documentary-library method has been used to collect information. In this research, 24 indicators have been used in 4 components (knowledge and information, education, citizen and citizen participation, management), which is used to check the association between these indicators using the MICCHA software and finally with this software. Proponents have been extracted. Wizard scenario software has been used for analyzing propagators and scenarios. The results of the research show that the integrated management situation in the city of Tehran has not been in a proper position. The extracted scenarios on Tehran's single urban management include golden scenarios, disasters and intersections, which, according to experts, are likely to materialize the catastrophe scenario in the future of Tehran. This scenario is the worst scenario. To overcome the disaster scenario and the city's tendency to improve the integrated management and to some extent align with the golden scenario of the proposals.

Endowment is one of the important social commands in Islam. Some of the terms of its accuracy are endower's lawful ownership of the endowed object, the existence of an object to be endowed, the capability of the endowed object to be delivered, and the eternal nature of the endowed object. On this basis, there have been disputes on the possibility of endowing intellectual rights. This library research project - which has been carried out by collecting and studying the opinions of researchers - has reviewed the process of induction and extraction of the terms in endowment contract, has discussed the existential and ideal philosophy of the disputed terms, and finally, has come to prove the accuracy of endowing the intellectual rights. This conclusion has been based on some premises. First, intellectual right is an eligible right based on religious and conventional ownership. Second, the condition of existence of an object to be endowed means having a real "existence" with the capability of being used. The philosophy underlying this mentioning is to exclude the false instances of endowment, i.e. benefits and liabilities. Third, regarding the delivery condition, it should be noted that the form and method of delivery is related to the different endowed objects. Bearing this mind, it can be said that the delivery condition denotes the delivery of the ownership to the receiver of the endowment who enjoy its benefits, rather than physical or non- physical delivery of the endowed object. Fourth, the confirmation condition denotes the eternality of the essence of endowment contract of an eternally endowed object, and also unacceptability of endower's later claim to the endowed object. This eternality condition is not breached if the conventional sustainability is met, that is, if the essence of the endowed object is not vanished in the process of using.

Background and Aim: Arash is a type of blood money that is not predetermined in the law. According to this definition, if commit a crime causes pain in the victim's organs and limbs, is it possible to determine Arsh for the pain? The legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran has not taken an explicit position in this regard. While in most quarrels, regardless of any damage, the victim's limbs are usually injured. Legislature’s silence and lack of research resources in this field on the one hand, and a lot of members suffering in the society, on the other hand, make it necessary to write an independent research about the feasibility of determining the Arsh for pain. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was done in a library method by using original jurisprudential and legal sources. Conclusion: After explaining the various forms of causing pain following the crime, it has been proven that if the pain is in such a form that can be considered as a non-discontinuous complication, it causes Arsh based on Article (708) of the Islamic Penal Code. But if the pain is intermittent and very transitory that it cannot be considered as a disease or complication, although some religious texts can confirm to determine Arsh for it, but adhering to determine Arash in such an assumption, especially considering the capacity of current laws, faces serious challenges such as the executive challenge of evaluation and dispensation.

Purpose: The present study aimed to design a job model to assess the feasibility of teleworking in public jobs and to determine job criteria for decision-making for teleworking.  Methodology: The type of this research was inductive, applied, and field survey. We prepared twelve separate questionnaires for the activities of twelve general jobs, each of which included twenty-five teleworking indicators. The twelve general jobs were the ones occupied by experts in administration, finance, public relations, planning, training and development, budgeting, accounting, research, software analyzing and developing, IT, HR, and construction and facilities areas.  The sample size consisted of 180 subjects who were selected through available sampling method from the following agencies: Administration and Employment Organizations, The Center for Tehran City Studies and Planning, The Institute for Management and Planning Studies, The Iranian Insurance Center, and Atieh Hospital. We used exploratory factor analysis to analyze the data. Findings: The results were categorized into five factors: the need for transparency, no need for coordination or face-to-face interactions, the need for advanced knowledge and no need for close supervision, lack of task sensitivity, and no need for physical presence. Originality: Teleworking implemented in organizations has not been based on specific indicators or standards, besides, critical conditions such as infectious diseases, air pollution, energy shortages have affected teleworking. In fact, false and unrealistic teleworking has been implemented in organizations. Given the fact that job characteristics play a significant role in assessing the organization's readiness for successful implementation of teleworking, it is essential to pay attention to the suggested factors for teleworking introduced here.