Nowadays, investigators study about independent risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI). These factors without relation to other risk factors can cause coronary artery disease and MI. Waist to hip ratio (WHR) and height have been considered to be correlated with MI. The aim of this study is to show the independent association of WHR and height with MI. This is an observational case-control study from patients referring to Beheshti and Yahyanejad hospitals and after controlling for dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and positive family history for MI and matching of age and sex, 150 cases with MI and 150 controls without MI were evaluated. WHR and height were measured in cases and controls. Then, their means were compared in two groups by independent Hest and association of WHR and height with presence of MI was evaluated. Means of WHR were 0.96 in cases and 0.92 in controls and their difference was 0.04 (P<0.001). In both sexes and in all age groups, WHR had a significant relation to MI. Mean of height was 160.7 cm in cases and 163 cm in controls and their difference was 2.3 cm (P<0.05). For height, mean difference was higher in men and in younger subjects. WHR is an independent risk factor for MI. Similarly, at least in men and in younger subjects, there is an independent association between height and risk of MI.      

In the present investigation, the energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) characteristics of a waste heat recovery (WHR) system including a dual-loop Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and a heavy-duty diesel was investigated. The proposed system recovers the available waste heat of the engine exhaust gas, intake air, and the coolant. Central composite design (CCD) which is a standard technique of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the design of experiments (DoE). Parametric study of the output responses to the effective input parameters was performed. The results showed that increasing the amount of the engine variables led to a significant increase in power production and exergy destruction rate of the system and vice versa. The minimum amount of payback period (5.57 years) was observed in the high values of the engine parameters. The maximum output power of the WHR system was 330 kW, which was equal to 33% of the diesel engine brake power. The maximum value for the sustainability index was also observed at approximately 3.28.

The Purpose of this research was to determine the amount of %BF, BMI and WR as well as their relationship among women over 15 in Tehran. For this purpose, 540 Volunteer women age between 15 and 70 were selected in 8 groups, considering their age to select the samples. Weight, height, waist and hip girth, tricep and calf skinfold of subjects were measured. To determine BMI, WHR&%BF the results showed: 1. The average of %BF, BMI and WHR in subjects were %35.5, 24.47 kg/m2 and 0.90 respectively. 2. There was a strong relationship between %BF and BMI in subjects (=0.616). 3. There was a medium relationship between %BF and WHR in subjects (r=0.311). 4. There was a medium relationship between BMI and WHR in subjects (r=0.347).

This thesis was carried out to standardize the anthropometric indices includingWHR,BM!, WCand Body Fat Percentageamong men agedbetween 30 and 55 in Tehran. The subjectswere450 men from Tehran.Based on the results of this research, the subjects norms were as follows. WHR : 0.95±57, wc : 93.77±10.22cm, BMI : 258±3.65 kg/m2. Data analysis showed that the norms of WHR, BM!, WC and Body Fat percentage as the predictive indices when the obesity related diseases occur, are higher in comporison with their foreign samples. This difference may be due to the economic, cultural - socialfactors, nutrition disorders,lack of adequate and regudarphysical netivities and neglect of the dangers of obesity.

Background: The relationship between body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in obese population may be different from general population. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between WHR and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese women and to determine a point of WHR above which the chance of having cardiovascular risk factors increased.Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2892 women age 20-78 years with BMI≥ 25 were included. Anthropometric indices were measured and BMI and WHR were calculated. Blood pressure was evaluated according to standard protocols. Subjects with SBP or DBP fell at or above levels defined as hypertensive, were placed in the high-risk category. Biochemical indices were measured in the fasting state.Subjects with FBS≥110 mg/dl were placed in the high-risk category. Women were, also, placed in high-risk category if their serum lipid concentrations, except HDL, were at or above the 75th percentile of NHANES III. For HDL, however, subjects were placed in the high-risk category if values were at or below the 25th percentile of NHANES III. Women were divided into quartiles based on their WHR. Quartile 1 (<0.8), quartile 2 (0.8-<0.84), quartile 3 (0.84-<0.9), and quartile 4 (≥ 0.9). Results: Quartile 4 had higher age, BMI and waist circumference than other quartiles. Low proportion of women with B~35 was in quartile 1 and high proportion in quartile 4. Significant increasing trend was observed for odds ratio of having low HDL-C, high TG, high TC/HDL-C and high FBS with increasing WHR. Controlling for BMI and simultaneous adjusting for confounding variables had no effect on this trend.Such trend was not seen in other indices. Odds ratio for having high LDL and high SBP was not significant in any WHR quartiles. Women placed in quartile 2, 3 and 4 had higher chance of having high diastolic blood pressure relative to quartile 1 (1.3, 1.5 and 1.6 times, respectively). Simultaneous controlling for confounding variables caused this chance to be disappeared.Conclusion: Results have revealed that in overweight and obese women, chance of having cardiovascular risk factors increased at WHR2:0.8, like normal women.

Introduction: Obesity is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and myocardial infarction (MI). The current study aimed to compare BMI, WHR, both independently and combined, in predicting risk of MI in men.Materials and Methods: Of 5183 TLGS participants, aged over 30 years, 2206 (45.5%) were men. Mean follow up time was 6.7 years. WHR and BMI were converted to standard normal distribution and then combined and a new variable (Z score) was defined. Data analyzed by using Cox proportional hazard regression.Results: MI occurred in 53 participants during follow up. The incidence rate of MI was 390 in 100000 people. Relative risk (RR) of MI for men with BMI and WHR above the third quartile were 2.7 and 3.9 times higher than those with BMI and WHR in first quartile (P<0.01). Cox proportional hazard regression showed that WHR adjusted for age is a better index than BMI in predicting risk of MI amongst men. Combination of BMI and WHR could predict risk of MI in men with more accuracy compared to each of the BMI and WHR variables alone. Cox proportional hazard regression showed that with each increasing unit of Z score, the risk of MI increases 29%.Conclusion: A combination of WHR and BMI has higher predictability for MI risk than either WHR or BMI per se.

Background and Aim: Obesity is one of the most prevalent nutrition disorders which is associated with increase in mortality rate, hypertension, diabetics, cardiovascular diseases, and Cancer. The majority of the people in developing and developed countries are involved in obesity. It is also the most important nutrition disease and one of the social problems all over the world.Materials and Methods: The samples, consisting of 440 females of 15-65 years of age, were selected based on random cluster sampling method. Measurement of obesity was performed through BMI and WHR indices. The analysis of data was done through statistic tests- Regression, Pierson. Kendal- and variation analysis, etc. using SPSS software.Results: Based on BMI index 27.7% of the sample females suffered from overweight (BMI=25-29.9), 14.5%, from obesity (BMI³30) and 22% from abdominal obesity (WHR³0.85). Based on both indices, BMI and WHR, there is a significant relationship between the level of education and the prevalence of obesity: This relation is detected between obesity and the three variables of marital status, menopause and frequency of pregnancy. 26.6% of married females. Suffers from obesity while this percentage is reduced to only 2.5% in the case of single females. 64.8% of menopausal females suffer from obesity while this percentage is reduced to 13.8% in the case of no menopausal females. The prevalence of obesity associated with no pregnant females is 11.9% while, in the case of females with six pregnancies, it rises to 67.5%. Regression test also indicates a significant relationship between advance in age and obesity: the rate of obesity sours from 7.7% among females of 20-24 years of age to 72.7% among females of 55-65 years of age. The results of the research confirm the existence of a significant relation- ship between the parent's, especially the mother's, obesity and the daughter’s obesity. Conclusion: Spreading information about obesity and its Complications, urging people to change their eating habits and to do exercise and physical activities can be effective in decreasing the prevalence of obesity.