Esterification reactions of some polyols and diols were investigated in the presence of SnO2 and nano-SnO2 and the results were compared with the catalyst-free conditions. High conversions were obtained for most of the reactions in the presence of SnO2 and nano-SnO2 which shows the high catalytic activity of SnO2 and nano-SnO2 for the esterification reaction. Low cost of the catalysts compared to alkyl tins, high safety compared to protic acids such as sulfuric acid and high chemical and thermal stability of the catalysts make the reactions interesting for the large-scale production of various polyol esters. Due to the important role of the polyol esters in various industries especially in the lubricant industry, the introduced approach can be interesting.

Water pollution remains a pressing environmental issue, necessitating the development of advanced photocatalysts for effective wastewater treatment. This research synthesized pure SnO2 and SnO2/Al2O3 core-shell composite photocatalysts via a simple and cost-efficient sol-gel method. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves were recorded after 15 minutes of X-ray irradiation and analyzed using the initial rise method, peak shape analysis, and curve fitting techniques. These analyses revealed the presence of multiple trapping sites in SnO2/Al2O3 composite, providing valuable insights into charge carrier dynamics and material properties essential for photocatalytic and radiation dosimetry applications. The photocatalytic performance of the materials was assessed by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV irradiation of 254 nm wavelength. The SnO2/Al2O3 composite exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 80.26% MO degradation within 1 hour with a rate constant of 0.03174 min⁻¹, surpassing the performance of pure SnO2. This enhanced activity is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and abundant trapping sites of the composite, which effectively capture photogenerated charge carriers, reduce recombination rates, and maintain a higher concentration of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. Moreover, the TL glow curve analysis highlights the potential of the SnO2/Al2O3 composite as a reliable material for radiation dosimetry, suitable for applications in medical, environmental, and industrial fields requiring accurate radiation measurements. These results underscore the dual-functional nature of the SnO2/Al2O3 composite, demonstrating its efficacy as both an efficient photocatalyst for wastewater treatment and a promising candidate for radiation monitoring.

In this work, the three-layer SnO2/Ag/SnO2 coating on the glass substrate was designed and the optimal thickness was calculated using Film Wizard software. Then the designed samples were fabricated using thermal evaporation technique. Analysis was conducted on optical, electrical, and thermal properties of the samples, including coefficient of merit, surface resistance, and optical transmittance and reflectance. The results showed that the three-layer structures, SnO2/Ag/SnO2, have the necessary and favorable conditions for use as heat insulating and energy saving coatings on glass windows. The optimal thickness was determined 20nm for silver and 70 nm for SnO2. The recorded optical transmission in the visible spectrum and the reflected light in the infrared spectrum are 79.66% and 88.66%, correspondingly. The surface electrical resistance of 11.69 Ω⁄sq has been obtained for the constructed system, which is a suitable value for this coating. The calculated optical values show that the heat transfer from sunlight is minimized through this coating and this coating can be used as a suitable energy storage.