Background & Aims: Evaluation of trauma management is usually by TRISS Scoring and the outcome is compared to data from Major Trauma Outcome study (MTOS). Same study was designed in Urmia.Materials & Methods: TRISS Scoring was performed for multiple trauma cases during Apri12005- March 2006 in Shahid Motahhari hospital and was compared to MTOS via W-M-Z statistics.Results: 260 consecutive patients were included in the study, 210 men and 50 women. Mean age was 30.31 yr. 91% sustained blunt trauma, the vast majority resulting from traffic accident (92.5%). Observed mortality was 52 and predicted mortality 42. The W-M-Z statistics were: s 3.8%-0.891-0.27.Conclusion: The value of M- statistic> 0.880 predicted that this study was comparable to MTOS data. Z statistic between ranges -1.96- +1.96 defined standard treatment and there was no significant mortality difference. TRISS Scoring and MTOS comparing are valid for multi-trauma patients, outcome analysis in Iran.

Background: Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation are still common complications of Diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic foot problems account for more hospitalization days than any other diabetic problem. The main etiologic factors are diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease. An easy, simple to use and low cost method for screening of diabetic peripheral neuropathy will be very useful.Methods: From May 2003 to May 2004, all diabetic patients (type 1) referred to endocrine clinic of Namazi Hospital were evaluated for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), using the bedside Scoring procedure. A score of 3-5 indicated mild, 6-8 moderate, and 9- 10 severe DPN. The perception of vibration, temperature, pinprick and ankle reflex was examined. Tuning fork (128 Hz), neuropen, cold and warm water and reflex hammer were used for evaluation.Findings: In this study we evaluated 80 patients (34 male and 46 female) with type 1 DM, with the age range of 6-31 years (Mean±SD 18.16±5.22 yr). The overall prevalence of DPN was 13.75%: mild in 7.5%, moderate in 5% and severe in 1.25% of the patients. The most common physical finding was the absence of ankle reflex. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of DPN. The prevalence of DPN was significantly associated with age, duration of DM and BMI (P< 0.05). There was no significant correlation with sex, HbAlc, puberty, parental consanguinity and family history of DM.Conclusions: Bedside Scoring procedure is a simple, low cost and easy method for screening of DPN in patients with type 1 DM in outpatient clinic. Examination of ankle reflex is very important.It is concluded that the diabetic patients need better follow-up and more education.

Fetal biophysical profile Scoring is a sonographic-based method of fetal assessment first described by Manning and Platt in 1980.The biophysical profile score was developed as a method to integrate real-time observations of the fetus and his/her intrauterine environment in order to more comprehensively assess the fetal condition. These findings must be evaluated in the context of maternal/fetal history (i.e., chronic hypertension, post-dates, intrauterine growth restriction, etc), fetal structural integrity (presence or absence of congenital anomalies), and the functionality of fetal support structures (placental and umbilical cord). For example, acute asphyxia due to placental abruption may result in an absence of the acute variables of the biophysical profile score (fetal breathing movements, fetal movement, fetal tone, and fetal heart rate reactivity) with a normal amniotic fluid volume. With post maturity the asphyxial event may be intermittent and chronic resulting in a decrease in amniotic fluid volume, but with the acute variables remaining normal.While the 5 components of the biophysical profile score have remained unchanged since 1980 (Manning, 1980), the definitions of a normal and abnormal parameter have evolved with increasing experience.In 1984 the definition of oligohydramnios was increased from < 1cm pocket of fluid to < 2.0 x 1.0 cm pocket. Oligohydramnios is now defined as a pocket of amniotic fluid < 2.0 x 2.0 cm (Manning, 1995a)If the four ultrasound variables are normal, the accuracy of the biophysical profile score was not found to be significantly improved by adding the non-stress test. As a result, in 1987 the profile score was modified to incorporate the non-stress test only when one of the ultrasound variables was abnormal (Manning 1987). Table 1 outlines the current definitions for quantifying a variable as present or absent.Each of the 5 components of the biophysical profile score does not have equal significance. Fetal breathing movements, amniotic fluid volume, and the non-stress test are the most powerful variables. For example, when the biophysical profile score is 2, the perinatal mortality varies between 428/1000 with only fetal movement present to 66/1000 if the non-stress test is reactive and all of the ultrasound parameters are absent (Manning 1990b). Some authors have, therefore, proposed utilization of a modified biophysical profile that incorporates only the non-stress test and amniotic fluid volume (Miller 1996). Although the positive predictive value of these 2 tests is equivalent to a biophysical profile score of 6, the perinatal mortality is still increased over a normal test score of 8 or 10 (Manning 1990b). The false positive rate with the modified biophysical profile score is also substantially higher.Conclusions: The fetus expresses its well being or compromised status through a number of different biophysical activities that are controlled by different central nervous system centers. The utilization of the biophysical score for ante partum surveillance in high-risk patients has resulted in a reduction in perinatal mortality when compared to historical controls. The appropriate management of the viable fetus with an abnormal biophysical profile score may also decrease long-term neurological morbidity (Manning 1998).It is unlikely that in the future additional variables will be added to the biophysical profile score. However, perhaps the incorporation of the fetal state (i.e., eye movements) and Doppler flow studies of specific fetal vessels (umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus) will be incorporated into a complete assessment of the fetal conditionTable 1. Components of the 30 Minute Biophysical Profile ScoreComponent                                DefinitionFetal movements                       ³3 body or limb movementsFetal tone                                  One episode of active extension and flexion of the limbs; opening and                                                closing of handFetal breathing movements         ³1 episode of ³30 seconds in 30 minutesAmniotic fluid volume                 - Hiccups are considered breathing activity                                                A single 2 cm x 2 cm pocket is considered adequateNon-stress test                          2 accelerations > 15 beats per minute of at least 15 seconds duration

The evaluation of students' writings and the allocation of scores are traditionally time-intensive and inherently subjective, often resulting in inconsistencies among human raters. Automated essay Scoring systems were introduced to address these issues; however, their development has historically been resource-intensive, restricting their application to standardized tests such as TOEFL and IELTS. Consequently, these systems were not readily accessible to educators and learners. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have expanded the potential of automated Scoring systems, enabling them to analyze written texts and assign scores with increased efficiency and versatility. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of an AI-based Scoring system, DeepAI, with human evaluators. A quantitative approach, grounded in Corder's (1974) Error Analysis framework, was used to analyze approximately 200 essays written by Persian-speaking EFL learners. Paired sample t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients were employed to assess the congruence between errors identified and scores assigned by the two methods. The findings revealed a moderate correlation between human and AI scores, with AI diagnosing a greater number of errors than human raters. These results underscore the potential of AI in augmenting writing assessment practices while highlighting its pedagogical implications for language instructors and learners, particularly in evaluating the essays of EFL students.

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) increases the rate of neonatal sepsis. Using a clinical guideline for initiating the laboratory evaluation and treatment of such neonates, for instance PROM-Scoring system, particularly in developing countries in which the availability of rapid and accurate clinical conveniences are limited, may surprisingly result in reducing the antibiotic consumption, hospital charges and neonatal morbidity. We performed this survey to outline these issues.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 270 newborns of who were born 18 hours or more after PROM were enrolled and studied at Mahdieh hospital for a one year period. The neonates underwent a thorough evaluation and the symptomatic ones were treated for sepsis, whereas the asymptomatc newborns and the ones with a PROM score of less than 3 went under a in-hospital supervision for 3 days.Results: Among the studied newborn, 79 cases were symptomatic and 199 were symptom free. The threshold score of 3 was of an accurate specificity (100%) in diagnosing the affected infants. All the asymptomatic ones have a score below 3. Five cases developed several symptoms mostly during their first 12 hours of lives whom were considered as having sepsis and, therefore, were assessed and treated. None of asymptomatic cases were referred again after their discharge thus far. 14 neonates (5.2%) who all weighed less than 2500gr, died due to either RDS, Asphyxia or congenital anomalies.Conclusion: Based on the achieved results we suggest all the symptomatic newborns and the asymptomatic ones with PROM score of above 3 to be precisely evaluated and consequently treated for sepsis, whereas for asymptomatic infants with a score of less than 3 a 24-72 hours of in-hospital supervision is sufficient.

Scoring rules are common methods for incentivizing experts to present the opinions consistent with their beliefs. Information markets such as prediction markets and decision markets use Scoring rules for eliciting the most accurate predictions experts can make. In these markets, experts are invited to buy and sell contracts, according to which they will be paid if their prediction about a future uncertain event is true. The final trading prices can be interpreted as an aggregation of their prediction for an uncertain future event. In this paper, we propose new mechanisms (prediction oriented and decision oriented) for predicting the value of uncertain continuous variables in the future. These mechanisms in their basic form, are Scoring rules with a new paradigm. This paper also includes the results of performing a case study (a prediction oriented mechanism) for predicting the outcome of the 11th presidential election of Iran in 2013 to analyze the performance of our model. Besides the fact that the mechanism's average absolute error in predicting nominees' percentages was low, about 6. 53%, it also predicted the final outcome order of all nominees correctly.

To determine the utility of locomotion, lameness, lesion type, pain response, color and size Scoring system as the qualitative indices for assessing the severity and prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis" PDD" and evaluating the individual therapeutic effect of solka hoofgel The Longitudinal field study was conducted on a 750 cows (230 lactating and 520 no lactating), commercial closed Holstein dairy herd in the vicinity of Tehran, Iran. These cows have had the experience of group treatment with topical spray solution of lincomycin HCL in previous year for control of PDD. Thirty eight lactating cows considered lame on the basis of locomotion Scoring (1-5) with a range score of 2 -5. Among these cows 17 cows were diagnosed with lesions of PDD in different stage of development on the basis of lameness score (0-3) with an average score of 2.05 ±0.68. Each cow was restrained in a chute and lesion (0-4), pain (0-2), color (0-3)and size(0-3)scores were done prior to application of hoofgel and holding in place by bandage. Treatment was repeated every 3 days in three turns. Lesions were re-scored on day 15 and the changes in each score between initial and final Scoring were calculated and the comparision was made statistically using Paired "t" test. Significant difference in evaluated scores between initial and final course of PDD lesion showed apparent healing effect of hoofgel with noticeable improvement in lesion score(-1.70±0.81), pain score(-1.05±0.63), color score(-1.23±0.81)and lesion size(1.17±0.80) respectively. From the results of this study it is concluded that converting the subjective scores to a numerical index provides criteria to assess when to intervene as well as to assess the impact of any intervention designed to monitor alleviate lameness due to digital dermatitis in a cow or in a herd level.