Today over than 22000 strains of Salmonella were investigated. Species of medicine resistance were presented due to consuming of Antibiotic in Animals. Genus of Satureja with the Persian name of “Marzeh” consists of 15 species in Iran, 9 of them (S. bachtiarica, S. edmondi, S. sahendica, S. kallarica, S. rechingeri, S. intermedia, S. isophylla, S. atropatana, S. khuzistanica) are endemic. In this research anti-microbial effect and chemical composition of the essential oils of these plants were investigated. The aerial parts of S. bachtiarica, S. edmondi and S. mutica were collected at full flowering stage from habitats in Yazd, Khorassan and Kermanshah provinces, respectively. The plant materials were hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The results showed the oil yields of S. bachtiarica, S. edmondi and S. mutica were %2.15, %2.31 and %1/0, respectively. Carvacrol (%66.5) and p-cymene (%15.2) were characterized in the oil of S. bachtiarica samples. In the oil of S. Mutica, carvacrol (%30.9); thymol (%26.5), gamma-terpinene (%14.9) and p-cymene (%10.3) were the main constituents. In the oil of S. edmondi p-cymene (%61.1), gamma-terpinene (%9.6) and thymol (%5.0) were the main constituents. For study of anti-microbial effect of the oil samples, the oils was diluted by DMSO at %2.5 and %5 and tested against two kinds of Salmonella paratyphi (A and B) by disk diffusion method. The results of three replicate showed, the oil by concentration of %2.5 and %5 inhibited the growth of Salmonella paratyphi A at 8 & 11mm (S. bachtiarica), 8 & 10 mm (S. mutica) and 7 & 11 mm (S. edmondi) and inhibited the growth of Salmonella paratyphi B at (9 & 11)mm, (8 & 12)mm and (6 & 12)mm respectively. The results showed the high anti-microbial effect of these oils. It seems the presence of thymol, carvacrol, P-cymene and gamma-terpinene in these oils caused the strong anti microbial effect of them.

Satureja edmondi is an important medicinal plant species which is one of the rare endemic plant species of Iran. Since seeds of the species are not found enough in the nature and the available seeds hardly germinate as well, micropropagation and mass reproduction is required in order to prevent the extinction of the species. Hence, the green branches of the species were cultured on MS medium (with half contents of the KNO3 and NH4NO3) to increase the number of branches. Then, the branches were transferred to 1.2 MS and DKW media with different levels of BAP, 2iP and IBA hormones. Then the branches were transferred to DKW medium containing NAA and IBA. Most of the branch productions were occurred on the DKW media, containing 0.5 mgl-1 BAP and the best hormone for rooting was 0.5 mgl-1 IBA. Regenerated plantlets were established in greenhouse and then grown under field conditions.

Considering the similarity of morphology and properties of different populations of savory (Satureja spp. ), the separation of its species from each other requires additional and more detailed studies. Accordingly, S. avromanica and S. edmondi, two endemic species of Iran, were studied for their karyotypic and phytochemical characteristics. For cytogenetic studies, several traits such as total chromosome length (TL), long-arm length (LA), short-arm length (SA), centromeric index (CI), overall chromosome shape (%TF), relative length difference (DRL), intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1), interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2), dispersion index (DI), and karyotypic formula (KF) were measured and calculated for populations 48 and 55 from edmondi savory and 63 and 67 from Oramani savory. Based on the results, the basic chromosomal numbers in Oramani and edmondi populations were x=12 (2n=2x=24) and x=15 (2n=2x=30), respectively. In cluster analysis based on complete linkage method, populations 63 and 67 were located in one cluster, however, 48 and 55 were placed in another cluster. Furthermore, the populations of the two species had statistically significant differences with each other for all the karyotypic traits (P<0. 01). Based on GC-MS analysis, 21 and 25 different compounds were detected in edmondi and Oramani savory essential oils (EOs), respectively. The main compounds in the EO of Oramani savory were piperitone (19%) and piperitenone (26. 3%), while the main components in edmondi savory EO were p-cymene (63. 2%), thymol (5. 7%), and γ-terpinene (8. 8%). The highest (1. 36%) and lowest (0. 42%) EO yields were calculated for populations Oramani 63 and edmondi 48, respectively. Therefore, these two mentioned species are considered as independent and distinct species from each other. Additionally, conducting additional studies to investigate the genetic diversity of these two species by different molecular markers can be important in confirming the present results.

The genus of Satureja with the persian name of "Marzeh" consists of 14 species in Iran, 9 of them are endemic. One of these endemic species is Satureja bachtiarica.In this research, the aerial parts of S. bachtiarica were collected from two different localities in Fars and Yazd provinces, at full flowering stage. The plant materials were hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oil yields were calculated equal to 2.15% for Yazd sample and 1.65% for Fars sample. Twenty compounds were identified in the oil of Fars sample with carvacrol (49.3%), p-cymene (12.7%) and trans-a-bergamotene (5.8%) as the main components.Twenty compounds were characterized in the oil of Yazd sample with carvacrol (66.5%), p-cymene (15.2%) and linalool (4.6%) as the main constituents.The relatively high amount of oil yield and high percentage of carvacrol in the oil of S. bachtiarica, showed that this species could have the medicinal and nutritional uses like S. hortensis and S. montana. These two Satureja species are not native of Iran and S. bachtiarica may be used instead of them.

The genus Satureja represents 15 species in Iran, 9 of them are endemic. In this study, the aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge were collected at two stage of plant growth (before flowering and full flowering) from their natural habitats. After drying the plant materials in shade, essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The results showed the oil of S. bachtiarica contained 20% carvacrol and 19% thymol before flowering and 26% carvacrol and 5% thymol at full flowering stage, as main components. The oil of S. khuzistanica, in both harvesting time contained about 90% carvacrol. Due to the antimicrobial effect of phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, the antimicrobial effects of these oils were determined against five gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus loteus, Staphylococcus sp. and Staphylococcus areous) and three gram negative bacteria (Kellebsiella pneumonia, Kellebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeroginosa). The result showed the oil of S. khuzistanica had strong anti-bacterial effect in both harvesting stage. The anti-bacterial effect of S. bachtiarica oil was stronger before flowering stage, because of more percentage of phenolic compounds. So these oils can be used instead of synthetic antibiotics that their resistance against bacteria increased daily.

Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic Satureja species in Iran, which has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as well as economic and medicinal vlaue due to the presence of compounds like carvacrol and thymol in the essential oil and rosmarinic acid and other phenolic acids in the extract. In this study, 10 shooting and 8 rooting treatments were used in MS medium to produce clones of this species using micropropagation method. The shooting treatments were a combination of cytokinins (Kin, 2ip, and TDZ) and auxins (IBA and BA) with different concentrations. The rooting treatments were also a combination of different concentrations of auxins (IBA and NAA). The best shooting treatment [IBA (0. 01 mg l-1), TDZ (0. 05 mg l-1), and 2ip (0. 3 mg l-1)] was recognized by examining traits such as number and length of main and secondary shoots, number of leaves, number of lateral active buds, and leaf colour. Number of main and lateral roots were also criteria for the best rooting treatment [IBA (0. 5 mg l-1) and NAA (0. 5 mg l-1)] selection. Since S. bachtiarica is an allogamous plant and has a high diversity for different traits like metabolites, practical purpose of the present study was mass production of identical individuals for use in breeding programs. This purpose was done by presenting the micropropagation protocol of this valuable plant.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil in preventing epilepsy. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mice were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 each. The control group received normal saline plus tween-80 and after 30 min pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Groups 2 and 3 were treated first with S. bachtiarica essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively and then after 30 min received PTZ. Group 4 received diazepam and 30 min later PTZ. Group 5 received flumazenil and 30 min later PTZ. After the last injection of PTZ, the time of seizure onset, seizure severity and score, the completion time of each seizure (attack episode), and mortality rate in different groups were recorded and compared. Results: The administration of S. bachtiarica essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg to PTZtreated mice caused a significant increase in latency to the first seizure and survival of mice, as well as a significant decrease in the frequency of the head and upper limbs seizure, total body seizures, tonic seizures, and jumping. S. bachtiarica essential oil at 100 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the head tic frequency. The administration of flumazenil significantly inhibited S. bachtiarica essential oil-induced effects and increased the head and upper limbs seizures, tonic seizures, and jumping. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that S. bachtiarica essential oil could prevent PTZ-induced seizure and these findings authenticate the traditional claims about the use of S. bachtiarica in treating epilepsy.

The genus Satureja represents with 15 species in Iran, with 9 endomic species. In this study, the aerial parts of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. With local name "Merzeh" in blooming were collected in Ardabil Province. Plant materials were dried in shade; essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The results showed the essential oil of S. bachtiarica contained (20.6%) thymol, (14.19%) linalool, (2.3%) g-terpinene, (26.4%) carvacrol, (5.94 %) a-Terpinene, (3.56%) myrcene, as main components. Due to the antimicrobial effect of phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, the antimicrobial effects of these oils were determined against five gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus loteus, Staphylococcus areous) and three gram negative bacteria (Kellebsiella pneumonia, Kellebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeroginosa). The result showed the essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against the tested strains, but in variable degree. The data indicated that Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Kellebsiella oxytoca were the most sensitive strain tested to the oils of S. bachtiarica and Bacillus cereus is known to have a high level of intrinsic resistance to virtually all known antibacterial and antibiotics.