Background and Objective: This descriptive study aimed to evaluate the presence and frequency distribution of mosquito species in the city of Port SUDAN, SUDAN.Methods: After collection of 500 adult mosquitoes from different sectors of the city Port SUDAN, they were classified using the morphological keys for identification of mosquitoes.Results: Overall, 230 Culex quinquefasciatus (46%) were detected in the eastern, central and southern sectors of the city. Culex sitiens (14.2%) were detected only in the central sector. Aedes aegypti (32.2%) were detected in all three sectors. Anopheles funestus (6.6%) were detected in the central and southern sectors.Conclusion: Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypi are prevalent in all sectors of the city, while Cx. sitiens is prevalent only in the central sector. An. funestus is abundant in the central and southern sectors.

Iran is a country with low rainfall and high-intensity rainfall that is affected by various synoptic systems, the most important of these systems is SUDAN low pressure, Therefore, recognizing the low pressures of the SUDAN region is of particular importance, The purpose of this study is to gather a complete and comprehensive knowledge of the set of studies conducted about this low pressure, structure and formation and its effects on the surrounding climate. The present study was conducted using the library method and a search for authoritative scientific and research sources in connection with research on low pressure in SUDAN and no data processing was performed in it. Thus, it has studied and analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of SUDAN's low pressure over several years and its effect on the climate of the surrounding areas, especially Iran. In general, the results of this study can be divided into several categories, including studies on the recognition and study of SUDAN low pressure, its structure and formation over time, pressure patterns affecting it at different atmospheric levels, and its effects on the climate of surrounding areas, especially Iran. Has been studied, The effect of this low pressure on seasonal and spring rainfall in Iran, snow and hail, floods, thunderstorms and also the effect of remote connection patterns on this low-pressure system have been studied, and finally, the analysis of these findings has been studied. It can be concluded that the SUDANese low-pressure system is a Low-pressure reverse in the region of Northeast Africa and southwest of the Middle East, which is strengthened and displaced in the upper levels of the Mediterranean and Subtropical jet stream and in the lower surface moisture injection from the Arabian Sea and Oman through high pressure. Saudi Arabia is inwardly the cause of severe instability in Iran and a major cause of heavy rainfall in various parts of the country.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports of projects in different development sectors in SUDAN (Agriculture, Roads and highways, Power generation, Oil production, River engineering projects) were analyzed to investigate how these studies corresponded with the local, regional, international and good practice requirements. The results of the analysis illustrated some variations in the practice among the different sectors. Most of the practices failed in some major areas of EIA such as: timing of EIA in the project cycle, alternative analysis, limited tools applied which in most cases were insufficient for specific projects, EMP in most cases was not complete and was not considered in the cost-benefit analysis, monitoring plan, poor public participations and bad interaction with the decision making process. Generic EIA report review process devaluated the monitoring plan and sustainability of the EIA mitigations. Advantageously, EIA practice is becoming more popular in SUDANese development planning and there are lots of arguments about enhancing the legislation and regulations. However, common obstructions facing implementation of best EIA practices and compatibility with international norms are; the legal, institutional and administrative frameworks; shortcoming of expert agencies and specialists, and other difficulties related to the data collection and measurement.

Background: In SUDAN, where studies on HIV dynamics are few, model projections provide an additional source of information for policy-makers to identify data collection priorities and develop prevention programs. In this study, we aimed to estimate the distribution of new HIV infections by mode of exposure and to identify populations who are disproportionately contributing to the total number of new infections in SUDAN. Methods: We applied the modes of transmission (MoT) mathematical model in SUDAN to estimate the distribution of new HIV infections among the 15-49 age group for 2014, based on the main routes of exposure to HIV. Data for the MoT model were collected through a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, interviews with key participants and focus groups. We used the MoT uncertainty module to represent uncertainty in model projections and created one general model for the whole nation and 5 sub-models for each region (Northern, Central, Eastern, Kurdufan, and Khartoum regions). We also examined how different service coverages could change HIV incidence rates and distributions in SUDAN. Results: The model estimated that about 6000 new HIV infections occurred in SUDAN in 2014 (95% CI: 4651-7432). Men who had sex with men (MSM) (30. 52%), female sex workers (FSW) (16. 37%), and FSW’ s clients accounted (19. 43%) for most of the new HIV cases. FSW accounted for the highest incidence rate in the Central, Kurdufan, and Khartoum regions; and FSW’ s clients had the highest incidence rate in the Eastern and Northern regions. The annual incidence rate of HIV in the total adult population was estimated at 330 per 1 000 000 populations. The incidence rate was at its highest in the Eastern region (980 annual infections per 1 000 000 populations). Conclusion: Although the national HIV incidence rate estimate was relatively low compared to that observed in some sub-Saharan African countries with generalized epidemics, a more severe epidemic existed within certain regions and key populations. HIV burden was mostly concentrated among MSM, FSW, and FSW’ s clients both nationally and regionally. Thus, the authorities should pay more attention to key populations and Eastern and Northern regions when developing prevention programs. The findings of this study can improve HIV prevention programs in SUDAN.