Travelogues are among the sources of various literary styles that provide important information about the historical, cultural, artistic, and anthropological background of a country through the images recorded by the travelogue, so far as they have a great contribution in the social-historical reconstruction of a country. The simple and STEREOTYPEd definition of imagery or imagology, which has an interdisciplinary approach in comparative literature, is the study of another image in one's own literary texts and vice versa, that is, the study of one's own image in other literary texts. The more accurate the view of the travelogue writer is, the more comprehensive the report he presents in his travelogue is whcih increases its credibility. The correct transmission of this information also helps the accuracy of the travelogue. If a writer is not careful in any of these steps, knowingly or unknowingly, he will make a mistake in accurately recording the reports and the truth, or a part of it will be neglected. On the other hand, we cannot ignore the influence of STEREOTYPEs and mental sediments of the writer on what he writes. For these reasons, there is not much expectation from literary texts to reveal reality and facts, and in this sense, literary works cannot be compared with facts and scientific studies. Pollack's travelogue; Iran and Iranians includes the description of pictures that Pollock, an Austrian doctor, saw and wrote in Iran. These observations, which go back to the end of the Qajar period during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, are divided into two general parts: the first part includes the number of people, geography, customs and eating habits, clothing, etc.; the second part includes the government system, the court, and court occasions, diseases, medicine and treatment methods, medicines, etc. Pollak's claim is that he wrote the contents of his travelogue accurately and without bias or mistakes; however, this study revealed that such as claim is not very accurate.

The purpose of this experiment was to study effects of governmental university (GU) students STEREOTYPEs about Islamic Azad University (IAU) and GU students on their attribution style about observed behaviors from GU and IAU students. 80 Tabriz GU students (32 males and 48 females) were assigned randomly in to four experiments. In each experiment condition, a target individual was introduced to the subjects with STEREOTYPE using consistent or inconsistent method. Then, they were requested to rate the importance of stable internal, unstable internal and external causes about the target behavior. The data were analyzed with multiple variable analysis of variance (MANOVA), two way analysis of variance (ANOVA), dependent t and independent t tests. The results showed that: 1) STEREOTYPE consistent behavior strongly attributed to stable internal causes, in comparison with the STEREOTYPE inconsistent behavior, 2) STEREOTYPE inconsistent behavior strongly attributed to external or unstable internal causes, in comparison with the STEREOTYPE consistent behavior, 3) STEREOTYPE consistent behavior strongly attributed to the stable internal causes in comparison with the external or unstable internal causes, and 4) STEREOTYPE inconsistent behavior strongly attributed to the external or unstable internal causes, in comparison with the stable internal causes. The results provided approval for the effects of STEREOTYPE on causal attribution's model, and did emphasize on a relative difference between the Iranian and western societies, in the use of causal scheme for explanation of counter STEREOTYPE behavior.

Commercial advertisements, as a significant part of the visual communication network, besides leaving direct impacts on the audience in the field of commodity sale, have many indirect effects on upbringing and orientation of audience society’s attitude. The present research, employing Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis method, is an attempt to study the way of representation of women’s image in TV advertisements. After a precise reading of a set of 500 TV advertisements of detergent powders, hygienic materials, cosmetics, home appliances and kitchenware in 2016, five cases were picked up that were aired in all seasons by the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Organization. Focusing on the relationship between the text and context, the results indicate that contrary to the previous perception of researchers, the representation of woman’s image in the commercial advertisements is not limited to the STEREOTYPE image of a consumer, inactive and ignorant housewife; rather the recently produced advertisements are moving towards the promotion of a new discourse based on valuing women’s status and approximating them to their present position as an active, wise and able member of the Iranian society.

Qajar era coincided with influence of west culture, art and industrial inventions to Iran. Some of these events derived from political exchanges, and inlet of new inventions and industries like printing devices, photography camera etc. and brought a considerable effect on Iranian traditional art. Lithography devices entered Iran after lead printing and was among industries that transferred the book designing practices to new emerging printing industry and changed it. In this paper, we try to compare two documents from Qajar era. One manuscript, and another lithography oeuvre and both are related to first decade of 20th century, layout practices in the transition from manual version to lithographic version are discussed. The author assumes that the artists involved in the printing at Qajar era, in addition to transition from layout traditions of manual versions, they transferred the image interests and Qajar ornaments to lithographic printing. The most important achievement of this era is STEREOTYPE of the idea and political goals and interest to symbolic images. Therefore Lithography had effected on the Qajar layout meanwhile by making STEREOTYPE from manuscript and traditional bookmaking too. The ornamentations of flower, leaves and arabesque designs, and images of crown, king, angel and geometrical divisions common in manuscripts and some written ornaments such as stamp assumed in the form of image STEREOTYPE in lithographic books and emerged in governmental documents by prevalence of lithography. These STEREOTYPEs have their origin in ancient era and old convictions and turned into symbol of culture and Iran history in Qajar era. In this paper, layout patterns and its ornaments have been analyzed in the transition from manual version which led to production of Qajar image STEREOTYPEs. This research is carried out in comparative and analytical methods, on the remained and available documents from the Qajar Age, with purpose of understanding the changes of Book Layout Principals, the changes which had been made on traditional methods since the Qajar age until contemporary age. For Understanding the method and style of design and Layout in Qajar era, from traditional style in transition to the contemporary time, by Studying Two Qajar era Documents by Approach of Influence of Printing on Traditional Layout and Establishing Image STEREOTYPE. Given the influences of lithography, it seems that one of the achievements of layout design in this era is creating cliché s and symbolic figurative templates that represent people and political and governmental interests and taste and transferred them to contemporary age. A lots of ornaments have been taken from manuscripts such as panels and borders and some of them depended to calligraphy art. Almost cliché s was effected from Sasanian period with concepts of power, for example Crown of kings, another of them pointed to power of God like angels or sun. The most achievement of stereotyping in Qajar makes connection within culture and politics in the other hand within Government and people, with effect from lithography publication. In this way lithograph had great effect to nationality as a intermediary of culture of pass time.

Analyzing and describing “pilgrims’ STEREOTYPE imaginations” and “social confidence of pilgrims toward people LIVING in Mashhad” are the two important components in relationships and social interactions of the guest-host. Data were gathered through surveying, using a questionnaire. Statistical population included 310 pilgrims visiting the holy city of Mashhad. The results showed that pilgrims assume the people in Mashhad to be warm, sociable, kind, down to earth, hospitable, patient (positive STEREOTYPE imaginations) and to some extent religious and lawful (average or neutral level) and also profitmaking, money lovers, stingy and mean, and unfair (negative STEREOTYPE imaginations). The level of pilgrims trust toward people in Mashhad was average. Using One-way Variable Analysis and Multiple Regression Methods, to check the hypotheses, showed that pilgrims’ STEREOTYPE imaginations had a positive meaningful relationship with the level of social confidence of people in Mashhad, and had the most effect among all measured variables. Other important, effective factors were ethnocentrism, satisfaction, social-economic status, gender, marital status, and ethnicity. Other variables that influenced STEREOTYPE imaginations of pilgrims included gender, place of residence, ethnicity, satisfaction, and ethnocentrism.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the coping mechanisms and everyday acts of resistance employed by South African adolescents in response to STEREOTYPE threat within school contexts. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 26 secondary school students aged 15–19 from diverse socio-economic and cultural backgrounds in South Africa. Participants were recruited purposively to ensure direct experience with STEREOTYPE threat in educational settings. Interviews, each lasting 45–60 minutes, were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software, with coding conducted in iterative stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Rigor was enhanced through independent coding, reflexive memoing, and maintaining an audit trail. Findings: Analysis revealed four main themes: identity negotiation, resistance in everyday practices, coping with emotional impact, and negotiating power in school spaces. Under identity negotiation, youth reclaimed cultural pride, countered negative labels, and affirmed self-worth. Everyday resistance included humor, strategic silence, academic persistence, peer support, and symbolic acts. Emotional coping involved both adaptive strategies such as journaling, sports, and spirituality, as well as maladaptive responses like social withdrawal. Finally, participants described negotiating power by challenging authority, assuming leadership roles, invoking policy awareness, and creating safe spaces with allies. These findings illustrate that adolescents’ responses to STEREOTYPE threat are multifaceted, ranging from subtle acts of defiance to collective strategies of resilience. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that South African youth are not passive in the face of STEREOTYPE threat but actively resist and reframe their experiences through diverse coping mechanisms. These small acts of resistance preserve identity, foster belonging, and create pathways for empowerment in restrictive school environments. Recognizing and supporting these strategies has critical implications for educators, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to reduce the harmful effects of STEREOTYPEs in education.