A major problem in religious studies as an interdisciplinary field is to identify certain actions as rituals in a context. The present article adopts a novel interdisciplinary approach to study how rituals are distinguished from ordinary actions. The approach in question combines several notions of ritual in anthropology, embodiment in gender studies, spatiality in architecture, and intentionality in the cognitive science, which we incorporate within the course of RITUALIZATION as what distinguishes rituals from non-rituals. Methodologically speaking, in this research, we take up the descriptive-analytic method to consider the success of certain actions to make themselves recognized as rituals. Studies show that, through RITUALIZATION, a ritual space is produced in which certain actions are rendered meaningful through the bodies of those who practice the rituals, in which case they turn from an ordinary action to a ritual action. Finally, we conclude that a main component by which rituals are distinguished from non-rituals and successful rituals are formed is the physical training of those who practice rituals through occasional ritual situations.

Such useful concepts as "ritual" and "popular culture" have been used by various approaches to clarify mechanisms through which religion, culture and society work. Consisting of two main parts, this article attempts to elucidate the sense in which we can talk about "religious popular culture" in the context of Iranian shi'i culture and society governed by an Islamic state. The first part presents a brief theoretical overview of the rich literature on these concepts. The following part consists of an ethnographic study of Ashura rituals and iconography. My ethnographic data comes out of my observations in 1984(2005). From a symbolic- culturalist approach, this part is aimed at explaining the interaction between Ashura rituals and iconography and popular culture in recent Iran. In spired by a de Certeauian view of popular culture, the second part discusses Ashura rituals as means modified and used by people as tactics against dominant strategies manifested in the form of current RITUALIZATION or the ongoing Islamization.

Verbal harassment is a form of street harassment in particular and a form of violence against women in general in which the women in different societies, including Iran, experience in different ways and endanger their psychological, mental and objective security. Its adverse effects on women's social activity and the induction of an environment saturated with insecurity make it necessary for them to study women's experience in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons and contexts of street harassment, coping strategies and the consequences of this type of harassment of female students in urban spaces using the research method of grounded theory using semi-structured interview technique and the data obtained. Using the features of Maxqda quality data analysis software, the 2018 version has been analyzed. In the open coding stage, 298 meaningful statements and 97 basic concepts were obtained. In the axial coding stage, 45 subcategories and 20 axial categories were identified by combining the concepts, and by understanding the implications of the concepts and categories, the core category was explored. The results of the study indicate "learned inability" and the habituation of the role of "passive victim" for girls, which helps to strengthen the contexts and conditions full of components of patriarchal culture. The overall output of the research should be analyzed under the core category of research, namely, "the RITUALIZATION of women's repression and silence", which cultivates forms of deviant subculture.

study of interrelationship between Friday Worship and Mass Media in presidency electionsIn this article, The authors try to answer to this question that what is the interrelationship between Friday Worship and mass media, specially TV, in the nine periods of presidency elections in Iran.This article is derived from a Ph.D degree dissertation research project which has been done in the Social Science Faculty of Allameh Tabatabaie University, in March 2008.The research is fundamental and descriptive The dada have been gathered by Q Methodology (Quanel). 30 academic researchers, expertises and profesors in sociology of religions, politcs and communications in Iran, answerd to 63 questions.The results' analisis showed that, Friday Worship has very impertant role in guiding voters to voting boxes in presidential elections whichis the biggest political ritual in Iran, Friday Worship also helps state to govern in Country.

In this Article the way of female audiences’ perception and analysis of watching “Omer Gol Laleh” series is studied. There are three main questions that the study answered to: “what are the female audience’s reasons and motivations of watching the "Omer Gol Laleh" series?”, “What is the female audience’s  perception of the text of this series?” to Answer these questions the theories of “Perception”, “Active audiences”, “Media consumption and daily life”, “Community concept” and “RITUALIZATION of society” is  used.To study the audiences’ sociological behaviors and watching patterns, the “qualitative research” method and “depth interview” technique is used. The statistic sample of this research consists of 20 persons from the 20to 50 years-old- female audiences.The results show that the audiences chose this serial with different reasons such as becoming calm, escaping from difficulties, entertaining, and getting familiar with other cultures. According to their daily habits, Female audiences have different perception from this series. Constant watching of this series has made some opportunities to them to talk to each other about the series. Female audiences, with the help of the stories’ characteristics, released from their routine life and entered to an ideal one. Cooperating with the ideal life of the story is enjoyable for the female audiences. The imagination that exists in this series entered to their lives and finally became their ritual habit.

Sociological analysis of gender relations in films has always been important to sociologists due to monitoring social relations and structures. In this research, the researcher tries to investigate quality of gender relations in Iranian films after the revolution. The fundamental question of the research is how gender inequality is represented and constructed in interaction of men and women in Iranian films. The theoretical framework in the research is social constructionist approach of Erving Goffman based on which concepts, variables and hypothesis of research have been defined and constructed. The Method of research is content analysis, by which 62 Iranian films are analyzed. In This article, it is tried to introduce brilliant thinking of Goffman and analyze gender displays in Iranian films by using Goffman’s visual analysis model.The findings of research approve the presence of significant gender displays in Iranian films within the framework of Goffman’s visual analysis model, while expressing the reconstruction and reproduction of gender values and norms in Iranian cinema after revolution.

Psychoanalytical exploration of literary works in our contemporary era has prominently increased and indisputably Freud's theories on dramatic characters played a significant role in this momentum. Eric Erikson, one of Freud's prominent students, was the first psychoanalyst who introduced the concept of identity crisis into the world. He selected an experimental approach towards human life and studied human life and psyche in totality by classifying it into eight distict stages: infancy, early childhood, preschool, school age, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and maturity. In his theory, he proposed concepts such as epigenetic principle, RITUALIZATION, ritualism and psychosocial moratorium. In this research, we will analyze "Mr. Stevens" as the main character of The Remains of the Day and "Kathy" the main character of Never Let Me Go from the standpoint of Erickson’s theory and will thoroughly investigate the relationships between characters and their societies to illustrate how they mutually affect one another. We conclude that this reciprocal encounter of characters with both society and environment lead to the characters’ identity crisis.

Border trade in Kurdish regions has had a considerable growth due to the border situation and expansion of global markets. Due to the considerable and increasing growth of the commercial spaces in the field under study over the past twenty years, the City of Baneh has become known as the City of malls and shopping tourism has found a considerable place in it. The present paper within framework of ethnography method is an attempt to study local people’ s identity due to their consumption of international goods. In this regard, besides participative observation, interviews were conducted with 19 active youth in the market environment. On the basis of the narratives of the interviewees, market has been turned into the dominant culture of the current city and the engine and main incentive of the public for work and activity. The findings of the research indicate that the establishment of the market has brought about such trends as anti-social individualism, single-dimensional man, RITUALIZATION of the public habit, emergence of fragmented identity, moderation of justice, metamorphosis of values, popular capitalism, reactive management and a mindset of the uncertainty about tomorrow.

This research was conducted using a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical method, in which the data obtained from interviews with users were thematically analyzed. The conceptual framework of the current research is not based on any theory and the theories presented in this research are only considered as a theoretical lens. In this conceptual framework, the theories of Stark and Beanbridge, Berger, Weber and Durkheim are emphasized. The field of study in this research is an interview with Instagram users who have followed meditation, positive thinking or success pages. Among these users, a semi-structured interview was conducted using a combination of non-probability sampling methods, including purposive sampling, availability sampling, and snowball sampling. From the findings obtained from interviews with users, the main concept of "individualization of spirituality" is in the direction of alienation from society, which includes the sub-concepts of self-RITUALIZATION of spirituality, personal fetishism, the centrality of experiences of lack of self, rejection of others and preference of oneself over him. Ritual literature is specific to itself, a temporary integration and arbitrariness and self-discipline in the spiritual rule.

The aim of this study was to study the lived experiences of young people from the challenges of the family formation process the Pre-Coronary and Post-Coronary. The research approach was qualitative and performed using interpretive phenomenological method. Participants in the study were married young people before and after the Corona. The sampling method was targeted and snowball. After interviewing 20 people (10 married before Corona and 10 after Corona), people's responses were saturated. Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews. To assess the validity and reliability of qualitative data, continuous engagement, continuous observation, progressive mindset, and a steering committee were used to evaluate and execute the interview plan. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis method based on the model of Brown and Clark (2006). In the analysis stages, 5 main themes and 12 sub-themes were obtained. The findings were coded in the form of 5 main themes in the form of individual and attitude dimensions, economic dimensions, cultural dimensions and social and communication dimensions and structural dimensions, Pre-Corona sub-themes include "Concerns about choosing the right spouse", "Individualism", "Feeling insecure", "Adaptability", "Lack of life skills training “and "Lack of career planning and economic well-being", respectively. have been, In the time of Corona, the challenges of the youth in the form of sub-themes "concern for livelihood", "ambiguous and unpredictable future", "lack of economic security", "de-RITUALIZATION", "lack of crisis skills training “and "lack of control “"Economic problems “has been interpreted. A comparison of the challenges in this period shows that from the perspective of the respondents, the lack of economic security, worldview and vague future and adjustment in customs during the Corona period have added to the past challenges of the youth.