In the present study, the main purpose is the Qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by Qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

Ticks are important ectoparasites in equids which causes economic losses in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. This study was aimed to determine frequency and species diversity of hard ticks in equids in Turkman sahra, Iran. 240 equids were randomly selected and examined from 2018-2019. Ixodid ticks were collected from body surface of examined animals and identified. Of all examined equids, 37.91% horses, and 4.16% donkeys were infested with a total number of 357 ixodid ticks. Tick indices (tick number per animal) were 3.53.  The highest prevalence of hard ticks was found in ≥3 years-old equids in the region. There was significant difference between prevalence and different age groups of infested animals. Of all examined ticks (357), three genera including Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. with four species. i.e. Hyalomma anatolicum (65.26%), H. marginatum (10.64%), Rhipicephalus bursa (22.12%) and Dermacentor marginatus (1.96%) were identified. Ixodid ticks’ infestations occured throughout the year with the highest prevalence in spring. There was significant difference between prevalence of hard ticks and seasons in this study. The results revealed that species diversity and ixodid ticks’ infestations were prevalent in the equids of Turkman sahra, Iran.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a Qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

روشِ اساسی برای شناسایی رفتار نگاشتهای بازگشتی، ترسیم نمودار بایفورکیشن (دوشاخگی) است. در روش مرسوم با تغییر مقدار پارامترِ نگاشت، سریهای زمانی متعددی ایجاد می شود و آنگاه با ترسیم مقادیر این سری ها در دوره ماندگار-بر حسب مقادیر پارامتر-نمودار دوشاخگی بدست می آید. این نمودارها، در تعیین دوره تناوب و همچنین جداسازی رفتارهای با دوره تناوب طولانی، از رفتارهای آشوبگونه، دارای دقت کافی نیستند. و از طرف دیگر به دلیل دو بعدی بودن نمودارها، امکان بررسی اثر شرط اولیه در شکل گیری بستر جذب وجود ندارد. نمودار ارایه شده در این تحقیق که آن را نمودار دوشاخگی کیفی (Qualitative Bifurcation Diagram=QBD) می نامیم، امکان تعیین دقیق دوره تناوب را فراهم می کند. با استفاده از QBD شناسایی مقادیری از شرط اولیه و پارامتر که به ازای آنها رفتار نگاشت، متناوب، شبه متناوب و یا آشوب گونه است، ممکن خواهد بود. نتایج بدست آمده از پیاده سازی الگوریتم پیشنهادی بر روی نگاشت لاجستیک، بیانگر توانایی آن در تشخیص تناوب های بالا و پنجره های متناوب است. همچنین مشاهده شد نمودار دوشاخگی لاجستیک از یک نظم موزائیکی (نظمی که از چینش اجزاء در کنارهم و نه براساس تعامل شکل بگیرد) برخوردار نیست و نظمی پویا و دینامیک دارد. مزیتهای QBD بر روش معمول ترسیم نمودار دوشاخگی عبارتند از: تشخیص تناوب های بالا، تشخیص پنجره های متناوب، کاهش زمان محاسبات و نمایش دوره تناوب بجای مقادیر کمی دامنه. در ادامه ی این تحقیق بصورت تحلیلی نمای لیاپانوف-بعنوان یکی از ابزاهای متداول در شناسایی آشوب-مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و درباره ی صحت آن نکات قابل تاملی بیان گردیده است. در پایان به منظور ارزیابی روش پیشنهادی، تحلیل کمی سازی بازگشت و QBD مورد مقایسه قرا گرفته اند.

همانطور که در قسمت اول مقاله بیان شد، چهار پارادایم فلسفی عمده داریم که مبنای معرفت (معرفت شناسی)، ماهیت و واقعیت (هستی شناسی) و روش دستیابی به معرفت را تشکیل می دهند (روش شناسی). از این رو، بر اساس هر پارادایم، روش رسیدن به معرفت مشخص می شود.در یک دسته بندی کلی تر، دو پارادایم کمی و کیفی داریم. روشی که امروزه تحت عنوان روش کمی یا علمی نام گرفته است اقتباسی از نظام فلسفی اثبات گرایی است. بر این اساس، فقط روش علمی تجربی، روش معتبر تحقیق و شناخت دانسته می شود. از طرفی روش کیفی، متمرکز بر موقعیت های طبیعی است؛ لذا این مطالعات را گاهی مطالعه طبیعت گرایانه نیز می نامند.از آنجا که تقابل پارادایمی در سوالات اساسی آن پارادایم، بروز می کند، پژوهشگر با استفاده از منابع مختلف، پاسخ این دو پارادایم به سوالات اساسی را در قالب جداولی در کنار هم قرار داده است و به بررسی مقایسه ای آنها پرداخته است. در نهایت اهمیت هر یک مورد تاکید قرار گرفته است.