Metonymy is one the most important literary devices in literature, and it has been widely studied with metaphor in literary studies and linguistics. Typically, metonymy has been regarded as a figurative meaning of a word versus its lexical meaning. However, it could be found that metonymy exists in every language for daily communication, and its usage is not limited to the literature. So, it plays an important role in any language which is mostly formed out of a reduction on syntagmatic paradigm. The widespread usage of metonymy enriches a language, and it adds to its coherence. In this paper, with a brief review of literature on metonymy studies, and the different issues for its definition, a new definition of genuine metonymy is suggested with a new term of Prototype metonymy which has a kind of influence on the audience whether in literary usage or everyday language. Based on the hypothesis of this paper each reduction on the syntagmatic axis is not a metonymy unless it influences the audience in some way, and if it motivates a kind of affective response. Indeed the Prototype metonym will be suggested as genuine, and a cline will be claimed to conclude the discussion.

Introduction: Considering increasing sexual risk behaviors such as lack of using condoms and having several sexual partners, identifying factors affecting on it can be useful in the design of preventive interventions for health educators. The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive-emotional determinants of high-risk behaviors among young people using Prototype/Willingness (P/W) Model.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, non-random sampling was employed to enroll 400 aged 18 to 28 referring to public places. A valid and reliable instrument based on P/W structures wad applied to measure cognitive factors.Results: The results showed that sexual risk behaviors at males (62.7%) are more than females (37.3%). Between sexual risk behaviors and self-control (p<0.001) was found a significant association. Among the P/W theoretical variables, intention (p<0.001) and social norms (p>0.05) were significant and direct predictors of sexual risk behavior in females. None of P/W structures was not significant predictors of sexual risk behaviors in males (p>0.05). In male, the previous experiences of sexual risk behaviors was significant at formation of the Prototype (p=0.039) and Prototype, also, in creating positive willingness toward risky sexual behaviors (p=0.004). In addition, at males, attitude toward behavior was significantly associated with behavioral intention (p<0.001), behavioral tendencies (p<0.001) and social norms (p<0.001).Conclusion: According to the findings, subjective norms and intention are the most important influential factors on sexual risk behaviors in females. In males, as well as, previous experiences play an important role in the formation of Prototype and their willingness toward sexual risk behaviors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and definition of romantic missing from Prototype perspective. In the first Study, Iranian young participants (age 18 to 33) generate features of missing a partner. In the second Study, another group of participants (age 18 to 33) rated the centrality of features gathered in the first Study. In the third Study, the most 20 central features generating the Prototype of romantic missing was given to tow groups of participant (age 18 to 33), couples in long distance relationship (LDR) and couples in close relationship (CR). Results of exploratory factor analysis on the third study data supported three factors for the romantic missing Prototype which are: desire for communicating and being together, imagining and thinking and feeling sad and separated. Two groups of LDR and CR were compared by the use of independent T-test and differences in total missing score and also each three factors score were significant for these two groups. A Prototype measure of "romantic missing" offered to assess the extent to which partners experience romantic missing during interpersonal separation (N=20, a=0.921, M=102.65, SD=22.82).

The Prototype is one of the most important tools in design criteria. Some experiences show that prototyping can do the critical role in design process but the functions of this tool missed in amateur`s design projects. There are deep studies about Prototype and it`s functions but it seems the leakage of knowledge yet. As a description, every physical presentation of the solution is a Prototype. Without any attention to the quality of a Prototype, this tool can use in a lot of ranges and levels of fidelities. This potential makes a wide range of possibilities for Prototype use in product design. This study focused on Prototype functions in a real product design project in med design criteria. The purpose was describing of different aspects of prototyping with level by level study of Prototypes uses. The designing of an ECG was the case study issues. ECG is a device for understanding of any arrhythmia in heart rate with printing ability of these arrhythmias. Some Iranian companies can manufacture this product but this case had most professional technologies compared to rivals. Different types of Prototypes had used in product design steps. The Prototype of earlier step made from real parts of product and different assembling of those together. This level of prototyping caused faster decision making and select an appropriate combination of product parts. Communication through this representation and finding a common language was very easier than speaking about what should be happened in this project. The second step of prototyping made from a part of polystyrene foam. This Prototype tried to break the false idea to leave the fixation that acquired in the design process. After this step, the employer left the early form of product and design team start a different combination of parts through a new metaphor of form. The two Prototypes of next level had different tasks. One of them was a paper Prototype of a suggested interface of some pages of product software and the other Prototype was a low fidelity Prototype of product body that made by CNC machining. The purpose of these Prototypes was presenting of main solutions and core idea without any details to get some feedback from users. After this step and got feedbacks about the concept, detail design, and some reforms don. The final Prototype made by rapid prototyping methods and after assembling of parts, this Prototype tested with users. This step of prototyping as high fidelity sample shown well feedbacks and got the positive response from users and employee. Discussions about this process revealed some results as, the using of a Prototype in every when of design project has good results, the purposes of Prototypes are different, the fidelity of Prototypes are related to their goals, Prototype can use as a media, Prototypes break fixations, and creation of Prototypes is an iterative process. The future studies can study more local projects to find other aspects of prototyping in the design process. We suggest to using of results of same studies in Industrial design curriculum modification.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is becoming a health concern worldwide. Considering the fact that prevention plays an important role in reducing the burden of this silent disease and in view of the limited resources available, many countries have adopted certain programs to fight osteoporosis through shifting their attention towards at-risk individuals. The Iranian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (IMOS) is one of these programs. The program aims to assess bone health and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in different parts of Iran with various altitudes, latitudes and lifestyle habits in a way that the results could be generalized to the country.METHOD: The present article presents the protocol used in the third phase of the study. It was designed based on the experiences gathered in the previous phases to overcome the shortcomings particularly subject loss. The questionnaire applied in this study was developed based on a thorough literature review of the risk factors and secondary causes of osteoporosis and was approved by an expert panel.RESULT: While the majority of the existing studies aim to study a certain aspect of osteoporosis, the present protocol provides the information needed for policy makers and researchers to study different osteoporosis-related issues.CONCLUSION: The authors believe the protocol, to be implemented with small modifications, can help policymakers in different parts of the world, particularly developing countries, gather accurate information on different aspects of bone health at the national level.

In order to improve the design of the actuators of a Dragon Fly Prototype, we study the loads applied to the actuators in operation. Both external and inertial forces are taken into account, as well as internal loads, for the purposes of evaluating the influence of the compliance of the arms on that of the "end-effector". We have shown many inadequacies of the arms regarding the stiffness needed to meet the initial design requirements. In order to reduce these inadequacies, a careful structural analysis of the stiffness of the actuators is carried out with a FEM technique, aimed at identifying the design methodology necessary to identify the mechanical elements of the arms to be stiffened. As an example, the design of the actuators is presented, with the aim of proposing an indirect calibration strategy. We have shown that the performances of the Dragon Fly Prototype can be improved by developing and including in the control system a suitable module to compensate the incoming errors. By implementing our model in some practical simulations, with a maximum load on the actuators, and internal stresses, we have shown the efficiency of our model by collected experimental data. A FEM analysis is carried out on each actuator to identify the critical elements to be stiffened, and a calibration strategy is used to evaluate and compensate the expected kinematic errors due to gravity and external loads. The obtained results are used to assess the size of the actuators. The sensitivity analysis on the effects of global compliance within the structure enables us to identify and stiffen the critical elements (typically the extremities of the actuators). The worst loading conditions have been evaluated, by considering the internal loads in the critical points of the machine structure results in enabling us the sizing of the actuators. So that the Dragon fly Prototype project has been set up, and the first optimal design of the arms has been performed by means of FEM analysis.