Due to the expansion and importance of nano fibers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences and the ability to use them as skin patches, in this study, nanofibers carrying clindamycin was obtained from adding pure clindamycin to poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymers fallowed by electrospinning of polymeric solution. The obtained nanofibers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Element Mapping (EMPA), and contact angle analysis. The nature of the bond between clindamycin drug and poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) substrate was investigated using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). Antibacterial effects of non-electrospun polymer solution and obtained nanofibers mats were investigated on standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. According to the obtained results, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was resistant to non-electrospun polymer solution and clindamycin nanofibrous mats. Acinetobacter bacteria was resistant to polymer solution, but clindamycin nanofiber had moderate effect on it. Clindamycin nanofibers mats and non-electrospun polymer solution were very effective against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Therefore, clindamycin nanofibrous mats can be used as transdermal patches to treat infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter bacteria. In addition, the polymer solution can be useful as a medicinal solution in the transdermal treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infections.

Hydrogels were produced from mixtures of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and acrylic acid (AAc) using γ,-radiation at doses of 3, 7, and 10 kGy and the effect of the variation in concentration of AAc within 0%–, 3% (w/v) on the gelation, swelling, crosslinking, thermal properties, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and surface morphology of the hydrogels were characterized and their adsorptive removal properties for methylene blue (MB) was investigated. The swelling trend was pH-dependent which was dictated by the dominance of two competing factors namely, crosslink density and hydrophilicity. Although thermal analysis showed that the presence of AAc decreased the thermal stability of the hydrogels, SEM images exhibited gradual morphological changes establishing the role of AAc as a crosslinker, and thus increasing the elastic moduli, toughness, and crystallinity of the hydrogels. However, correlation between the characterization results revealed that, in spite of AAc occupying some of the crosslinking sites within PVA–, PVP networks, at low concentration (1% w/v), it could not polymerize enough to contribute to the crosslinks. FTIR spectral analysis revealed a possible gelation mechanism along with the points of interaction among the gel-components. MB adsorption capacity of the hydrogels reached a maximum of 117 mg/g following pseudo-second-order kinetics through film diffusion mechanism while the adsorption isotherm resembled most with that of Langmuir.

The first purpose of this study is to investigate different methods of making viscous cellulose (in non-aqueous solvent) and strengthening tissue by cross-linking synthesis. The second goal is coupling with PVC. To coat viscovellulose on Polyvinylchloride (PVC) surface in this study, instead of water, organic solvents as ethylenediamine and ethylene glycol were used to synthesize viscous cellulose. In the first method, gelatinization of cellulose was performed in ethylene glycol solvent and cellulose tissue was reinforced with ester crosslink by additives such as phthalic anhydride and Polyvinyl alcohol. In the second method, cellulose was aminolyzed in ethylenediamine and an amide cross-link was formed by using terephthalic acid. In the third method, cellulose acetate tissue was reinforced with Polyvinyl acetate and borax. Finally; it was rubberized with acetone solvent. In the final step, the viscose cellulose samples of each method were coated with a layer of PVC paste. To compare the quality of coupling methods, the tensile test and moisture absorption test were used. Based on the obtained results, the first (ester crosslink) and second method (amide crosslink) had better tensile strength (with tensile device) and moisture absorption (with volatile meter) was more than the others. The tensile strength of the first method and its moisture absorption was more than other methods. Also, intrinsic viscosity [η ] of viscocellulose: PVC paste (1: 1ratio) showed that the third method (cellulose acetate and Polyvinyl acetate paste) has the highest homogeneity and adhesion with PVC paste. The advantage of these methods is that for the synthesis of viscous cellulose, ethylene glycol solvent is used instead of water solvent and for activation energy, a microwave beam is used instead of heater heat. The importance of microwave beams for this research method is proved by the DSC method.

Starch and cellulose are naturally abundant biodegradable polymers. Starch has disadvantages such as weak barrier properties against water and poor thermal properties. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is anticipated to be a good candidate for incorporation into these natural polymers. Also PVA shows high resistance to solvents and good barrier properties to oxygen. Because of their weak barrier properties of Starch or carboxymethyl cellulose and PVA polymeric blend other approach is needed. Making nanocomposites by adding nanoclay to improve barrier properties of these films is a new way. In this research, nanocomposites of carboxymethyl cellulose/Polyvinyl alcohol/clay and starch/Polyvinyl alcohol/clay at three different weight percentage of PVA (15, 30, and 45) and two nanoclay level (5 and 10) were prepared and their films were made after drying. Optical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA/DTG). The energy gap of the samples was calculated using the graph (α hν )2 against hν and tauc equation. The results showed that addition of PVA and nanoclay increased the thermal resistance of nanocomposite. The energy gap of the nanocomposites films is obtained less than the 5 eV, indicating that these nanocomposites has the potential to use in electronic components such as diodes.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical reaction method. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite film filled with nanometric, monodispersed zinc oxide nano particles prepared by PVA solution and nanozinc oxide. Polymer blend with ZnO nanoparticle composite film has prepared by casting technique. The property of nano composites depends greatly on the chemistry of polymer matrices. The dispersion of nano particles in the polymer matrices is a general prerequisite for achieving desired mechanical and physical properties. Particular attention is paid on the structural and mechanical properties of a composite film by SEM and Measurement of tensile properties. The results also shows that, the ZnO NPs were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix and the particles remained their original size (20-150 nm) before incorporate in to the polymer matrix.

Physical properties and thermal behaviours of polymers vary by molecular weight or stereoisomers. These properties also change in the presence of polymeric and nonpolymeric additives. Conductive polymers are insoluble in original organic solvents and their processibility are limited. In this research, the processible conducting polymers are synthesized and their electrical properties and thermal behaviour are studied. The blends of Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polystyrene (PS) and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANi) are prepared. On the other hand, the percentages of compounds of these blends for suitable electrical properties, solubility and processability are optimized. All the samples were prepared in the smooth form and thin film. A four-point probe method is adopted to examine the electrical DC conductivity. It is found that the conductivity of the blends is decreased but their processibility and solubility are increased. Thermal stability of polypyrrole and polyaniline blends were investigated by scanning thermal analysis (STA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA). As it is evident from the results, the prepared blends are much more stable compared with polypyrrole, polyaniline and host polymers.

In this work, we have synthesized poly(vinylalcohol-co-3-vinylchloropropionate), (PVA-co-V3CPr) with reaction between 3-chloropropionic acid and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in presence dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCI) and (dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). Then 1,4-phenylene diamine was added and poly[vinylpropionate-co-3-(N-p-aminoaniline)propionate], (PVPr-co-3NPAAPr) was prepared. This polymer dissolved in solution of chloroform/toluene containing Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Then sufficient fresh aniline was added to the solution and stirred at 0-5oC. Then, we added solution of ammonium persulphate, p-toluenesuphonic acid in water drop by drop with dropping funnel. The solution was diluted with warm DMF and filtered under vacuum and then precipitated to ice methanol and produced Polyvinylpropionate-g-polyaniline, (PVPr-g-PANi). We considered electrical conductive charges versus dopants concentration, doping time and doping temperature. Electropolymerization was carried out by coating (PVPr-co-3NPAAPr) on surface GC disk electrode, then growth graft copolymer (PVPr-g-PANi) in presence fresh aniline and acidic solution. The electrical conductivity of copolymer has been studied by a four-probe method and conductivity of 4.6×10-2 S/cm was achieved.

In this work, a series of polypropylene/Polyvinyl butyral (PP/PVB) blends were prepared by melt-blending process, at PVB loadings 3 wt%, 10 wt%, and 30 wt%. The effects of PVB on crystallization behavior of PP were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polarized optical microscopy (POM). The isothermal crystallization kinetics were analyzed by Avrami equations. It was found that the addition of PVB strikingly reduced the overall crystallization rate of PP. The POM results further indicated that the crystallization rate of PP/ PVB was significantly reduced by reducing the nucleation density of PP with the addition of PVB. The fractured surface morphology of PP/PVB blends was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results showed that the PVB was uniformly dispersed in the PP matrix as small spherical particles, with a good dispersion and dimensional stability.