Background: Genetic testing is opening own venue in different branches of medicine, even in our country. There are many applications of testing including newborn screening, diagnostic testing, carrier testing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal diagnosis, predictive and presymptomatic testing, pharmacogenomics and forensic and paternity testing. For children, there are some limitations about these tests. Several methods can be used once a person with a genetic disorder decides to proceed with genetic testing; chromosomal analysis and/or DNA testing and/or biochemical genetic tests may be applied to determine the cause of his/her disease. Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid or other biological specimens. The laboratory reports the test results to the physician or genetic counselor. Discussing with a geneticist or genetic counselor could be helpful about the pros and cons of the test. In the other hand, knowing the basics of genetic reports is essential to physicians for communicating with the lab and geneticist and managing the disease.

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Primary vision care is recommended for infants and young children. Childhood is critical time to prevent loss of vision and to optimize treatment so some eye disorders in children must be diagnosed at this time. To detect risk factors and visual abnormalities, the eye screening done by Pediatricians and other primary care providers is necessary. The process that should be occur at each child visit to identify those patients who require referral to ophthalmologist and can be a preventative health measure. Thus, it is important that Pediatricians increased knowledge about the eye conditions that may affect their youngest patients. This article reviews the most important pediatric eye condition that primary care providers may encounter.

The consequences of resistance include higher mortality and greater morbidity. Emergence of resistance bacterial pathogens has increased concerns about antibiotic perscribing patterns. Parents request perscribing of some of antibiotics from physicians, and this may be influences on perscribing patterns of them. To limitation of inappropriate use of antibiotics, must be determine affect of parents request and their suggested strategies for control, on perscribing patterns of physicians. This study carried out to determine frequency of antibiotic use in pediatric (physicians) basis of parents request in Tehran. The type of study was cross-sectional. Method of collecting data was self-administered questionnaire and we used non probability (convenience) sampling method with going to the offices, clinics, hospitals and others. Sub specialist pediatrician was excluded. From 198 Pediatricians, about 47.5% was male and saw average of 128 patients perweek and were in practice for 12 years. 32% of Pediatricians indicated that 10 or more times in the past month a parent had requested on antibiotic when the physician did not feel it was indicated. 65% reported always/most of time. Or often pressure them to perscribe antibiotics when their children are ill but antibiotics are not indicated. In follow-up questions/approximately 24.7% of physicians reported they occusionally or more frequency comply with these requests. 48.5% felt that educating parents would the single most important program for reducing inappropriate oral antibiotic use. Due to results, educating of parents about appropriate indications for antimicrobials must be part of any comprehensive plan to reduce inappropriate antibiotics indication. If parents educated correctly about oral antibiotics use, not only reduce pressure on the perscribing patterns of physicians, but also effect on their behaviour for selection of useful antibiotics.