Introduction: Skin burn can result from contact with chemicals, electricity, radiation, or hot objects. Occupation, geographic location, and season of the year, are among important factors to be considered to assess the risk of burn. Although chemical burns resemble thermal burns, in chemical burns one may suffer from the toxicity too….

Wastewater of coal tar plants is counted wastewater pollutant for the environment. For degradation wastewater, usage of Biological systems is a common way. The percentage of removal pollutant is depended on rare types of microorganisms' activities. Some of the materials that are presented in wastewater are inhibitors for microorganism's activities such as: toluene and PHENOL. PHENOL and its compounds are so toxic for human and environment which makes this removal very important. There is a lot of ways for removal or degradation of PHENOL but the best way is biodegradation. In this study isolated PHENOL degradation bacteria is from a PHENOL wastewater of Isfahan steal meal plant. It takes some activities such as diagnosis, PHENOL removal and adaptation to high concentration of PHENOL. Results show that one of the isolated bacteria's removals is 2233 (mg/l) PHENOL which happens during 96 hours and another happens during 120 hours. By usage different isolated bacteria types which are adapted to high concentration of PHENOL, degradation of it takes much shorter time.

A newly PHENOL-degrading bacterium, identified as Ralstonia sp. strain PHS1, was isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Khark Island. It was isolated by a multistep enrichment and screening technique on mineral medium (MM) containing 100 mg.l-1 of PHENOL as the sole source of carbon. The bacterium was able to degrade up to 1100 mg.l-1 of PHENOL but the cell growth decreased with higher concentrations of PHENOL. The PH-S1 strain grew well in the pH range of 4 to 9 and in the temperature range of 30 to 40 oC. Different concentrations of NaCl ranging from 10 to 20% on the growth of bacteria was studied and it was found that this strain was able to grow well in 10% NaCl; but, higher concentrations of NaCl decreased the growth of the strain. The laboratory scale results indicated the potential application of the strain in the treatment of low saline industrial wastewaters. However, further investigations are required to confirm the ability of the strain.

Disposal of chemical and toxic pollutants via industrial wastewaters into the environment has always been a hazard to water resources. According to scientific reports, biological systems are the most suitable method for treatment of such wastewaters. Obviously various effective organisms depend on the type of pollutants, treatment plant system and environmental conditions. Identification of the most effective microorganism is necessary for determination of optimum conditions, method of control and monitoring of bioreactor to access the maximum efficiency and improvement of operation. The objective of this study was to identify PHENOL degrader aerobe bacteria in combined biological PHENOL-treatment system of biofilter and activated sludge. Some amount of biological sludge was provided from domestic wastewater treatment as a primary source of microbe and was added to the designed reactor. Then samples were collected after growth of microbial mass. PHENOL concentration and environmental condition (i.e. dissolved oxygen and pH) were stabilized after gradually adaptation of the system to PHENOL All samples were collected by sterile glass container. These samples were cultured on enrichment media and identified by various differential tests. dentification results proved PHENOL degrader bacteria are aerobe, nonfrementer but had negative result for of test with glucose as substra. These isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aerginosa, P.alcaligenes, Moraxella sp, Acinetobacter sp, and Brevundiomonas vesicularis Because PHENOL was the only substrate and nitrogen and phosphorus as necessary factor in this system, all biodegrader bacteria used only PHENOL as their both carbon and energy source. PHENOL is degraded in a completely aerobic condition and dissolved oxygen concentration is sufficient since all the bacteria are aerobes.

Horseradish peroxidase was successfully encapsulated in calcium alginate for PHENOL removal. The optimum gelation condition was found to be 0.75%w/v of sodium alginate solution and 4.5% w/v of calcium chloride hexahydrate. Upon immobilization, the pH profile of enzyme activity changed as it showed a higher relative value in basic and acidic solutions. It was also observed that enzyme activity retention of encapsulated HRP was independent of enzyme concentration. Besides, for each PHENOL concentration, there would be an enzyme concentration beyond which it had no significant effect on PHENOL removal. Investigation of PHENOL removal with time for both encapsulated and free enzymes showed that the encapsulated enzyme had a lower efficiency compared to the same concentration of the free enzyme; however, the capsules were reusable up to four cycles without any changes in their retention activity. The optimum ratio of hydrogen peroxide/PHENOL was found to depend on PHENOL concentration and that it varied from 0.94 to 1.15 for PHENOL concentrations between 2-10 mM.

A novel bio electrode containing bacteria immobilized on clay mixed carbon paste electrode (Bactria-clay-CPE) is developed for detection and degradation of the PHENOLic solutions based on electrochemical techniques such cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, electroctrochemical impedence spectroscopy. The results obtained showed that bacteria-clay-CPE exhibited excellent electro-catalytic activity towards PHENOL. The recorded cyclic voltammogram shows that the oxidation of PHENOL is manifested by the appearance of four oxidation peaks.

PHENOL and PHENOLic compounds are environmental pollutants that are found in industrial wastewater of oil refineries, coal tar, and chemical plants. Presences of these compounds in Isfahan steal plant have serious consequences for regional environment. Biodegradation is the best and economic method for refinement of PHENOL contaminated sites. In these research 15 PHENOL-degrading bacteria strains were isolated from different sites of Isfahan steal plant wastewater. Five dominant strains named as B3, C1, C4, C7 and D14 that had high capacity to eliminate PHENOL. Effects of different concentrations of PHENOL (100-900 mg/ml) on growth. Respiration and biofilm formation of 5 dominant strains were investigated. All strains grown well up to 500 mg/l of PHENOL concentration and eliminated it. Strains B3 had the most growth and biofilm formation on 300 mg/l.  The majority strains had the best respiration growth and biofilm formation in 400-500 mg/l of PHENOL concentration. At 24 hours incubation time up to 500 mg/l PHENOL of PHENOL was degraded and at 48 hours incubation time 900 mg/l of PHENOL was degraded. By using these strains it could be possible to reduce PHENOL pollutant in PHENOL refinement pools of the Isfahan steal plant.