History and Objectives:Considering the incidence and incremental trend for kidney grafting and the significance of initiation of diuresis and the positive effect of mannitol and OVERHYDRATION and for evaluation of simultaneous use of them, this study was carried out on referrals of Labafmejad hospital in 2000.Materials and Methods:The quasi-experimental strategy of this study was carried out on 40 patients with indications for kidney grafting with their written consent. Twenty min before anastomosis of renal vein, intravenous injection of mannitol (5 ml/Kg) was initiated and its effect on the initiation of diuresis in min was recorded with a confidence intervalof 95%.Results:This study was performed on 40 patients (25 females and 15 males) with an average age of 33.6 years and average weight of 52.6 Kg. The results showed that in 80% of patients, diuresis was initiated in less than a minute and in 90% of them, diuresis was initiated in less than 2 min.Conclusion and Recommendations:Simultaneous use of mannitol and OVERHYDRATION could accelerate the initiation of diuresis and because this is very important in survival of grafted kidney, therefore it recommended to carry out thorough experimental study.

INTRODUCTION: There is a controversy about the effect of increasing venous hydration on the duration of normal delivery. With respect to the importance of this subject, various studies have been performed. The aim of the present study was determing the effect of OVERHYDRATION on the duration of normal delivery. MATERIALS & METHODS: The statistical popultion included 52 women who referred to obstetric department of Sanandaj Besat hospital for normal delivery. These women divided randomly into control and treated groups. The type of study was double blind randomized clinical trial. After the beginning of active phase of labour, 250cc/h ringer lactate in treated group and 125cc/h in control group was administered intravenously by an experiencd midwife and labour process was evaluated. Data was analysed using k2 and t-tests.RESULTS: The results of this study showed no significant difference between the means of active phase time, stage II and III of labour in two groups. The mean of labour time was 232.1 ± 94.8min in treated group and 240.2 ± 108 min in control group.CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study venous hydration does not affect normal delivery time. Extensive studies with more samples are recommended.

Introduction. OVERHYDRATION (OH) remains a recurrent problem in peritoneal dialysis (PD), with deleterious effect in outcomes. Recent evidence suggests a direct relation between OH and increased peritonitis risk. The mechanisms of this connection are not well defined, but gut wall edema and malnutrition are probably involved. Methods. Our aim was to assess OH as a risk factor for peritonitis in patients on PD. Retrospective study was done in a PD program with a bio impedance analysis. The investigator reviewed patient charts and documents. The Fresenius® Body Composition Monitor was used to obtain hydration parameters. OH was considered when OVERHYDRATION/Extracellular Water (OH/ECW) parameter was over 15% of the dry weight. The diagnosis of peritonitis was made according to the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines. Associations between peritonitis rate and the collected variables were assessed using Chi-square test and Pearson’ s correlation. Results. An association between OH and the risk of peritonitis was established. Conclusion. OH is prevalent in our patients undergoing PD and it is a modifiable risk factor for peritonitis. The bio impedance analysis is economical and should be used in association with a physical exam and treatment results to achieve the normo-hydrated status in those patients.

Introduction: During 11 years (1988-1999) a total of 368 patients underwent renal transplantation in Imam Reza Hospital. Method: Neurolept Analgesia with phentanyl or subphentanyl and Deropridol was performed in all patients (donors and recipients). Pancronium in donors and Atracorium in recipients were selected as muscle relaxants. For induction of maximal hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys, warmed normal saline and Ringer solution (3-4 litres) were infused rapidy (20 minutes before removing the kidney from donors and 20 minutes before removing the clamp in the recipients). In addition we infused manitot (500cc) and Furosemid (50mg) 20 mintes before nephrectomy in donors. About 4 liters Normal saline with manitot (500cc) and furosemid (200mg) were perfured in recipient 20 minutes before removing clamp. Results: In all cases but 3 patients, diuresis was established in less than 5 minutes after removing vasular clamp. In all cases before removing clamp. The systolic blood pressure" was 125mmHg and despite using large quantities of fluid (4-7 Lit). There was no fluid and electrolyte imbulance in clinically or paraclinically in donors or recipients.Conclusion: Proper anesthesia with OVERHYDRATION and maintain systolic blood pressure over 125mmHg before donor nephrectomy and removing clamp in recipient and using appropriate diuretics induce immediate diuresis in renal tnansplantation. Immediate diuresis enables the surgeon to have a rapid assesment about his operation and graft.

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are among novel drug delivery systems that due to their ability to adhere and remain on the mucosal surfaces and a slow and sustained release of their drug content have attracted special attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different important factors on the mucoadhesive strength of a few mucoadhesive polymers. Among the polymers investigated, apart from the known polymers such as Carbopol 934P (C934) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which have high mucoadhesive strengths, the effectiveness of a few other polymers were also studied. These were polyethylene oxide (PEO), Karaya (Kar), Carrageenan (Carr) and sodium alginate (Na alg). For this purpose polymer containing discs were prepared and their mucoadhesive strength in rat intestine (as a mucosa model) was assessed by using a home made apparatus. The mucoadhesive strength of prepared polymeric discs in the presence and absence of phosphate buffer pH=6.0 at 37 C and at various pH values from 2.2-8.0, and under the condition of hydrating the polymeric discs for 2 and 5 minutes in phosphate buffer pH=6.0 before placing them in contact with mucosa, was evaluated. Also, the effect of urea (as the hydrogen bond breaker) on the mucoadhesive strength of discs containing C934 and PEO was evaluated. The results showed that among the polymers studied, PEO and Carr like C934 and CMC have desirable mucoadhesive strengths, and could be used for the preparation of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. It was also found that the extent of hydration of polymer containing discs has an important effect on their mucoadhesive strength. In case of insufficient polymer hydration or its OVERHYDRATION, the mucoadhesive strength will be greatly reduced. Also, the environmental pH has an important effect on the mucoadhesive strength of discs and therefore in the design of a mucoadhesive system, a polymer with a high mucoadhesive strength in the specific area of the body should be used. Furthermore it was found that the formation of hydrogen bonds between the mucoadhesive polymer and mucosa, plays a very important role in the formation of a strong mucoadhesive bond.