Baekgrouund & purpose: Diagnosis of microcytic hgpochromia is rutinely done using automatied equipment cell counter which is expensive and requaires expert. Personal OFT can be used for this globular defect. The aim of this study is to determine the best NaCL con centration in OFT, the experiments were done at fajer lab in 2001. Material & methods: 696 Random patients were examined simultaneouly for RBV indices by cell counter &method of onetube OFT. In this test .one drop (0.05 m1) of whole blood with 5 m1 of NaCl % 0.4 were mixed for 10 minutes, and after centrifuging. Supernatal for hemolysis. Result: 382 patients with mcv> 80 had hemolysis. 228 patients with 74< mev <79 had hemolysis. 75 individuals with mcv<75 have no hemolysis and 5 with mcv>80 and 6 with 74<mwv<79 had no hemolysis. Conclusion: one tube OFT is very Sensetive for sereening of microcytic hypochromia but it is not practical for differential diagnosis of iron deficieney anenaia from minor thlassemia.    

Objective: Evaluation of serum vitamin E status and its Correlation with erythrocyte osmotic fragility in sheep.Design: Observational study.Animals: sheep.Procedure: Blood samples were collected from 223 clinically healthy sheep from different ages of Gezel and Makoei breeds. The animals were assigned into 3 age groups: less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years and >2 years old.Serum vitamin E concentrations were determined using HPLC method. Osmotic fragility test (OFT) was carried out by preparing hypotonic saline solution. Mean corpuscular fragility (MCF) was assessed by OFT. Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS, using one-way analysis of variance (Duncan's test). Regression correlation analysis was used to estimate an appropriate equation.Results: Mean and standard deviation of serum vitamin E in sheep less than 1 year, betweenl-2 years and >2 yean old were 20.78±1.46, 23.31±0.82 and 23.31±0.82mg/ml and for MCF were 0.52±0.018, 0.47±0.018 and 0.49±0.014 g/dl, respectively. Comparison of the means among thret: groups showed significant differences (P<0.001) for both: vitamin E and MCF values. Regression correlation analysis showed that rising the age of the animals increasec vitamin E Levels (r=0.64, P<0.001) and decreased MCI values (r=-0.70, P<0.001). There was a negative correlation between vitamin E and MCF values (r=-0.91 P<0.001). According to this finding, estimated regressior equation for vitamin could be as Y=-48.24X + 46.20 (r2 = 0.83, P<0.001); Y=Vit E (mg/ml), X =MCF (g/dl) Clinical implications: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that OFT (MCF) is a cheap and easy method for evaluation of vitamin E status in sheep.

The antidepressant effects of aloe vera hydro alcoholic extract at different concentrations were compared with the fluoxetine-treated and the control groups of mice using forced-swimming, FST and open box, OFT tests. The mice were evaluated in five groups (control, taking aloe vera at the dosage levels of 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 450 mg/kg, and finally fluoxetine at a dose of 10 mg/kg) by the FST and OFT tests on 1st, 7th, and 14th days. The results of the OFT test showed no significant differences between these five groups. The results of FST test indicate the antidepressant effects of aloe vera even at low doses and it was found that the effect of fluoxetine at a dose of 10 mg/kg was equivalent to the effect of aloe vera at a dose of 150 mg/kg for the reduction in immobility time in mice in FST test. According to the results obtained from FST test, the antidepressant effects on mice treated with the 450 mg/kg dose of aloe vera showed better recovery as compared with other groups on 1st, 7th, and 14th days. With regard to the experiments performed at different times, all the evidence pointed to the conclusion that the antidepressant effect of aloe vera was more than the control group. Based on the results of the OFT and FST tests, aloe vera extract at different doses, has favorable antidepressant effects on mice as compared to the fluoxetine-treated and the control groups and the better effects were seen by increasing the dose and duration of drug use.

The electronic structure and optical properties in cubic cry stal BaTio3 are studied using-full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method in density functional theory (DFT) with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) by WIEN2K package. The calculated results of BaTio3 are in good agreement with other theoretical and experimental results.

Contrary to the usual literature, consensus not only applies to the Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), but also counts as one of the most important devices for theological inferences from the viewpoint of the theologians. Among these theologians is Sayyid Murtaza who-with a foundational establishment for his theological thought-could employ consensus in his theological foundations. In his view, consensus is a certain, knowledge-giving device that can discover the ideas of Imams. His reliance on consensus in the theological issues distanced him away from Mutazilis in many theological issues. This paper tries to explain the nature of consensus, its different features and its significance in the theological thoughts of Sayyid Murtaza.

Background: Thalassemia is a major health problem in Iran. The prevalence of thalassemia minor is high and screening program for detecting b -thalassemia trait has been established in southern parts of Iran since 1992. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of naked-eye single-tube red cell osmotic fragility test (OFT) as a screening test for b -thalassemia trait. Methods: Three different concentrations (0.36%, 0.37% and 0.38%) of buffered saline solutions were used. OFT were applied to three groups of subjects: 50 normal individuals, 50 subjects with genetically proven b -thalassemia trait, and 15 patients with proved iron-deficiency anemia. Results: The results demonstrated that 0.37% saline was the best solution for OFT. It could detect 98% of heterozygous b -thalassemia patients compared to 96% and 84% detection rate obtained with respective 0.36% and 0.38% saline. Specificity of OFT with 0.37% saline was 96% whereas that of 0.36% and 0.38% saline were 84% and 94%, respectively. The OFT with 0.37% saline was also positive in 5 (33.3%) patients with iron-deficiency anemia. Conclusion: OFT done with 0.37% buffered saline solution provides more accurate results. Since the test is inexpensive and practical it might be considered as the single screening test to be used in areas with limited laboratory facilities and economic resources.

Nowadays different equipment is used to measure bone mineral density. The physics of these systems are based on the interaction between x-ray or ultrasound beams with bone. Ultrasound has been used to measure bone characteristics such as speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (SUA) and stiffness. In order to construct an ultrasonic bone densitometry system, although complex but more acceptable, immersion method has been implemented. Two transducers one as transmitter and another as receiver are employed. Using an AID converter, the received signal is converted to digital data and transfer to a PC via serial port for signal post processing. To achieve the best accuracy and reduce calculation errors, data acquisition can be performed up to 100 times for each patient. At each burst, time interval between pulse  transmission and reception is measured and by using the time of flight (TOF) technique and having heel width, the average speed of sound in bone can be calculated. SOS is proportional to tissue density and elasticity. In normal bones, SOS is higher than in cancellous and osteoporosis bones. The amount of attenuation in transmitted ultrasound beam can be calculated from received signal spectrum. Using FFT computation of transmitted and received signal and calculation the received signal spectrum to transmitted signal spectrum ratio in the band frequency of 200KHz to 600KHz, variation of BUA against frequency can be drawn. The slope of this curve in the propriety band frequency is proportional to the bone density. To display and process the obtained data, and to present the computed parameters, using appropriate algorithm, a sOFTware is developed. For osteoporosis diagnosis, these parameters are compared to the one taken from statistical samples of the Iranian society.

Introduction: Development of new medicines with fewer adverse effects and more efficacies is needed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the putative antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of methanolic extract of Salvia spinosa L. (SS) in mice. Materials and Methods: Elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open field tests (OFT) were conducted to evaluate antianxiety and locomotor activity of animals treated with the methanolic extract of SS [12. 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)], respectively. Antidepressant-like activity of the extract was evaluated using forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Results: IP administration of SS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent and the percentage of arm entries into the open arms of EPM and decreased locomotor activity (100 mg/kg), compared with the control group. Furthermore, the immobility time of animals significantly decreased in both FST and TST with doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of the extract, as compared to the control group. The total phenolic content of methanolic extract was 55. 17 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry extract and total flavonoid content was 53. 07 mg of quercetin as equivalents (QE)/ g of extract. Conclusion: Salvia spinosa L. has antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like effects in animal models of psychiatric disorders.

Background: Pioglitazone is the selective PPAR-γ,receptor agonist, which is prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and may also have antidepressant effects. Nitric oxide (NO) has been involved in some crucial roles, including learning, cognition and neurogenesis as well as some neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression. Reduced estrogen levels throughout ovariectomy, postpartum and menopause make women more likely to suffer from depression. The existing study was designed to examine the antidepressant-like effects of pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ,agonist, and the probable involvement of NO with the use of non-specific NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) or an NO precursor (L-arginine) in female ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Methods: The present study was conducted experimentally on female NMRI mice from April to December 2019 at the Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Female mice were subjected to bilaterally ovariectomy, and various doses of pioglitazone (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) were administered either alone or in combination with non-specific NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L-NAME) or a NO precursor (L-arginine). Antidepressant-like activity of pioglitazone was evaluated in the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). Moreover, the open field test was done to evaluate the locomotor activity of mice following different treatments. Results: OVX mice demonstrated a major increase in immobility time versus sham therapy following procedure (P≤, 0. 05). Mice were injected with 40 mg/kg pioglitazone Intraperitoneally, 4 h before the behavioral test, exhibited marked antidepressant-like effects in OVX mice (P≤, 0. 01, P≤, 0. 05 in FST and TST, respectively). Co-administration of sub-effective dose of L-NAME (2 mg/kg) with a sub-effective dose of pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) resulted in a strong antidepressant-like effect in OVX mice (P≤, 0. 01), whereas L-arginine inhibited this effect. The various treatments did not change the total locomotion of mice in OFT. Conclusion: Antidepressant-like effects of pioglitazone may be associated with inhibition of the NO synthase/NO in OVX mice and provided a new strategy for depression.

Introduction: Depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for one to several weeks. Several studies have shown that iron nanoparticles have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate anti-depressive effect of iron nanoparticles in male rats.Methods: Depression was induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) adminstration. Rats were randomly assigned into six groups (10 in each group): 1) control (sterile saline solution; 200 mL, IP); 2) LPS (LPS; 100 μg/kg, IP); 3) Low dose Iron Nanoparticle (LINP) (1 mg/kg, IP); 4) High dose Iron Nanoparticle (HINP), 5 mg/kg IP); 5) LPS/LINP (LPS; 100mg/kg IP+INP 1 mg/kg IP); and 6) LPS/HINP (LPS; 100 mg/kg IP+INP 5 mg/kg IP). All injections were performed every other day. To assess the effect of iron nanoparticles on depression symptoms, rats were subjected to two behavioral tests: Forced Swim Test (FST) and Open Field Test (OFT).Results: Iron nanoparticles treatment in 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses groups significantly improved depression symptoms when assessed by OFT and FST. In OFT, the number of line crossings, entrance to central square, rearing and duration of attending in central square increased after iron nanoparticles adminstration in depressed rats. Iron nanoparticles adminstration reduced immobility time confirmed by FST and OFT. Also, iron nanoparticles adminstration significantly increased duration of swimming in FST depressed rats.Conclusion: Our results for the first time showed potential advantageous effect of iron nanoparticles administration in attenuating depression symptoms, which was possibly mediated by modulation of neurotransmitters and anti-inflammatory effects of iron nanoparticles.