In recent years, it has become evident that it is necessary to systematically and accurately define particle characteristics in order to understand the potential toxicity of nanoparticles to biological systems. The properties that need to be emphasized are size, shape, dispersion, doping, aggregation, functionalization, physical and chemical properties, surface area, and surface chemistry. Route of exposure are Oral, dermal, inhalation and injection. Toxicity screening strategy, In Vitro Assays, In Vivo Assays and cell type are also an important parameter to consider while studying the toxicity of nanoparticles. These analytical methods used to check the toxicity require expensive equipment and sampling, which are time consuming. Using the bacteria, as a biosensor, solves these problems. This method is sensitive, low-cost and easily reproducible and takes 5 to 30 minutes to predict toxicity. This review focuses to develop a synergy among different paradigm of Nanomaterials characterization.

The advent of nanotechnology has led to new achievements in the different fields of science and technology. The minified size of materials under this technology discloses certain novel or hitherto ignored features and properties of these materials. It is true that nanotechnology has helped enhance certain features of fertilizers as evidenced by a number of studies reporting their positive effects on different plants. However, it should be noted that most of these studies were performed under laboratory conditions and considered only short periods of plant life, in many cases only up to germination. This is while there are many reports showing the adverse consequences of using Nano-materials. For example, nanoparticles of aluminum, iron, zinc, titanium, nickel, and silver or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have caused reduced growth in onions, vetch, rye, rice, beans, corn, cucumber, sorghum, and tomato plants. These inconsistent reports call for exhaustive investigations to determine the interactions between Nano-materials and plants and their final fate in the plant and food chain before they can be used as fertilizers. Since plants stand at the beginning of the food chain, introduction and accumulation of Nano-materials inside them might help transfer these materials to higher levels of the chain to end up in the human body. This paper studies the effects of high concentrations of Nano-materials on plant growth in certain species, the associated damages, and the uptake and accumulation of nanoparticles in plant.