This paper discusses the application of the resource Mobilization theory (RMT) to clarify the activities of certain key socio-political groups and movements in Egypt up till 2011. It contends that the political movements in the country have utilized information and communication technologies (ICTs) and social networks sites (SNSs) as a tool for mobilizing people and coordinating anti-regime activities. It also deals with certain political movements prior and throughout the Arab Spring in Egypt, which played significant roles in the recent political changes taking place in the country. This work confirmed that ICTs in general, and social network outlets in particular, have become a crucial resource for political groups, such as The Kefaya Movement, The 6 of April Youth Movement (6 AYM), the “ We Are All Khaled Said” Facebook page, and even the Muslim Brotherhood to bringing about collective and coordinated actions. Thus, this article elucidates the importance of the resource Mobilization theory in the context of socio-political movements in Egypt and their subsequent influence by looking at the utilization of SNSs throughout political uprisings in the country. As per the resource Mobilization theory, the internet and social network outlets could be used as a resource for promoting and succeeding anti-government political groups and activists, which subsequently ended the Mubarak regime.

Our objective in this article is to explain democratic transitions by employing some concepts from the theory of Mobilization, especially the notion of "transitional Situations".From such a theoretical perspective three D) ajor questions arise:1) what constitutes a transitional situation as distinct from a non-transitional one?2) How is a transitional situation brought about?3) More importantly, what factors lead the transitional situation to a democratic outcome rather than to a non-democratic one?Thus a transitional situation may end up in the reconsolidation of the existing authoritarian regime, in the establishment of another undemocratic one or in the rise of a democracy.To answer the last question, three factors will be taken into account: 1) the social conditions of Mobilization in the transitional situation; i.e. what type of social conditions- in terms of the civil society and mass society debate- will push the transitional situation towards a democratic alternative? 2) the agents of political Mobilization in the transitional situation; i.e. what type of opposition forces are active and how do democratic opposition groups weigh against nondemocratic ones? 3) the political conditions of Mobilization in the transitional situation in terms of the structure of the regime, the unity or internal conflicts of the ruling elites and the likelihood of its demise or persistence through time. To empirically support the argument we will examined some evidence in relation to transitions from communism in East Europe and Central Asia. The variety of regimes emerging after the transitions in the 27 countries once forming the Republics of Soviet Union and its satellite states has provoked much sociological thought as to the causes of the different outcomes. We have tried to present an explanation of the different paths and outcomes of the transitions in terms of the three major variables mentioned above.

Background: Many different techniques have been described to treat undescended testes. We aimed to study a new technique of two-stage orchiopexy with total inguinal canal Mobilization to prevent cord damage and testicular atrophy.Methods: Between March 2002 and July 2005, we operated on 16 testes with short spermatic cord. In the first stage, the testes were anchored to the pubic tubercle and 6 months later (second stage) they were fixed in the scrotum through total inguinal canal Mobilization. The patients were followed up by pre and postoperative physical examination, sonography of scrotum, and serum testosterone level measurement for 6-12 months.Results: Two of the 16 testes developed atrophy but 14 had volume increase. Mean testicular volumes of preoperative and 1 and 6 months postoperative testes were 0.69±0.22 ml, 0.84±0.26 ml, and 1.06±0.33 ml respectively. The volume increase was not only significant 1 (P=0.012) and 6 (P=0.002) months after the second operation compared with the first operation but also a significant increase in the volume was noted between the 1st and 6th month after the operation (P=0.003). All testes were in scrotum after 6- 12 months and the patients had normal serum testosterone level for their ages before and after the operation.Conclusion: Two-stage orchiopexy with total inguinal canal Mobilization prevents vascular damage in the second stage of operation.

Manipulation and Mobilization are two different forms of manual therapy commonly employed in the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Spinal manipulation and Mobilization are often distinguished from one another by reference to certain biomechanical parameters such as peak force, duration and magnitude of translation. However, as of yet, there is relatively little research which distinguishes between them in terms of neurological mechanisms or clinical effectiveness. Manipulation may particularly stimulate receptors within deep inter-vertebral muscles, while Mobilization techniques most likely affect more superficial axial muscles.

Increase in the rate of elderly population in developing countries can cause emotional, social and health problems. Awareness of real needs in this group can assist policymakers in implementing effective interventions. This study has been proposed to assess the needs among elderly people in Ekbatan and design interventional programs according to community participatory method to promote health among the elderly.Methods: Using a descriptive research, 100 old men and 100 old women were selected by random sampling. Instrument used in this study was questionnaire and then according to the results of data analysis of need assessment questionnaire, interventional programs were designed.Results: In Ekbatan, 89% of old people are educated. Based on their opinions, 92% of women and 70% of men suffer from at least one disease and receive treatment. Different diseases such as hypertension, arthritis and diabetes mellitus were more common in women. Psychologically, 70% of old people were satisfied with their lives, 30% expressed that their lives were meaningless, 66.5 % were worried about some bad event in the future. More than 90% of them had enough free time which was spent on watching TV in 97%. 67% said they did exercises. 88% - 98% of them used all five major food groups, 82% used red meat and 77% ate sweets.Conclusion: According to the results of the need assessment, appropriate interventions are needed to be planned in four fields as follows: Common diseases and their preventive methods, mental health, physical activities/leisure, and healthy nutrition.

Political Mobilization is the most important aspect of revolutions. Based on this statement, the main question of this article is: what are the dimensions and characteristics of the political Mobilization in the Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions? Our hypothesis is that with reference to the significance of ideology, leadership, organization and mass participation in the Islamic Revolution of Iran, political Mobilization in the Islamic Revolution of Iran was stronger than political Mobilization in the Nicaraguan Revolution. Despite the differences between the two countries in terms of ideology (Islamic vs. Marxist), geographical size (big vs. small), main exports (oil-exporting vs. soil-exporting), both revolutions have some similarities such as their urban nature, despotic nature of the pre-revolutionary regimes, and the greatness of political Mobilization. These similarities are the central justifications for this comparative study.