Introduction: Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites and contain the active ingredients of many drugs (Davari et al., 2018). Over the years, the secondary metabolites in plants have been used to treat most diseases due to their ease of access and use and fewer side effects compared to chemical products (Fazelinasb et al., 2017). Fungi are one of the types of medicinal plants that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years. Ganoderma Lucidum is an annual fungus of the genus Basidiomycetes belonging to the class Agaricomyc, order Ployporaceae and family Ganodermataceae (Chen et al., 2017). This effective medicinal fungus has been known in East Asian countries for about 2000 years, such as Reishi or Mannetake in Japan (ten thousand years old fungus) and Ling Chih, Ling Chu and Ling Zhi (immortal fungus) in China and Korea is famous (Robertos 2004). Medicinal properties of Ganoderma Lucidum are due to the presence of biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, sterols, amino acids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, proteins and peptides (Peterson 2006). As triterpenes and polysaccharide are the most important chemical compounds in Ganoderma that most scientific research has been done on them (Stemets 2000). One of the most important polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum is Glucan, which strengthens the immune system (Wang et al., 2002). The polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum also have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and radiation protection properties, and the protein in it has anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activity (Gao et al., 2004). Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of compounds, including ketones, esters, lactones, alcohols, ethers, and hydroxybenzene (Taskin et al., 2013). The polyphenolic portion of Ganoderma lucidum consists mainly of flavonoids such as Quercetin, Routine, Myersitin, Morin, Hesperetin, and Naringenin (Saltarelli et al., 2015, Veljovic et al., 2017). Different methods are used to extraction plant extracts such as ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid and Maceration. Each of the above methods has a different ability in extracting plant compounds, depending on the sample, type of solvent used and extraction conditions. In the Maceration method, the mass of the desired compound is transferred from the sample to the solvent used while the solution is in contact with the sample. Extraction also depends on the particle size and properties of the plant tissue. Extraction efficiency in Maceration method is generally higer than new extraction methods and the probability of heat damage in this method is lower (Wang et al 2002). Material and method: Ganoderma Lucidum was obtained from the Department of Medicinal Plants of the University of Tehran. The materials used for the tests, including methanol solvent, was purchased from Pars Shimi Company, Iran. Folin ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Merk Company, Germany. Galic Acid, DPPH reagent, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Company, USA. Ganoderma lucidum was extracted by using the Shon method with modifications. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the Ganoderma lucidum extraction was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this method, Folin reagent is reduced in the presence of phenolic compounds in alkaline solution and blue color is produced in the solution. Color intensity can be determined at a wavelength of 765 nm by the optical spectrometer. Evaluation of free radical inhibition activity with Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl was measured. The IC50 factor, which represents the amount of required sample to inhibit 50 percent of free radicals, was used for better assessment of antiradical activity. The lower the IC50, the higher would be antioxidant potential (low concentrations of the sample can prevent large amounts of free radicals ( Khalili and Ebrahimzadeh 2015). Minitab software version 16 was used to design the treatments from the response level method, the Box-Behnken model, and to assess the optimal conditions for extraction from Ganoderma Lucidum by the statistical method of the response level. Results and discussion: different extraction conditions (temperature, time, and type of solvent) had significant effects on the total amount of phenolic compounds and IC 50 of Ganoderma lucidum extract, so that the total amount of phenolic compounds of produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum ranged from 7. 244 to 21. 089 mg g-1, and IC 50 ranged from 2. 409 to 8. 369 mg ml-1. The results show that increasing temperature (20 to 40 C°, ), extraction time (12 to 48 h), and application of methanol solvent, compared to the use of water solvent and a mixture of 50/50 water and methanol, significantly (P ≤,0. 05) increases the total extraction of phenolic compounds and decreases the amount of IC 50 from Ganoderma Lucidum. The linear effects of all three variables of temperature, time and type of solvent, and square effect of solvent type (C 2 ) on the total extraction of phenolic compounds and IC 50, were significant (P≤,0. 05). Meanwhile, the square effects of temperature, extraction time, interactional effects of temperature, extraction time, solvent type on the total extraction of phenolic compounds, and IC 50 from Ganoderma lucidum were not significant (P <0. 05). According to Single optimization the maximum amount of phenolic composition of the produced extract from 20. 9944 mg g-1 Ganoderma lucidum with 99. 32 percent desirability was achieved in the following condition: 48 h of extraction time, 40 C°,of temperature, and the use of methanol solvents and the maximum antioxidant composition of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum which can inhibit free radicals was predicted to be 2. 1128 mg ml-1 with 100 percent utility belonging to 48 h extraction time, 40 C°,temperature, and use of methanol solvent. According to Multiple optimizations total phenol optimum and IC 50 of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum. It was predicted that the optimal conditions for the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum by Maceration method to achieve the maximum total phenolic composition and the minimum amount of IC 50 multiple with 99. 662 percent of desirability on 48 h of extraction time, 40 C°,of temperature and the using of methanol solvent that total phenol content and the IC50 were 20. 9944 mg g-1 and 2. 1128 mg ml-1, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study proved that by optimizing the extraction conditions of Ganoderma Lucidum, a higher amount of its effective compounds can be achieved. Also, the response surface method can be an effective way to optimize the extraction conditions of effective compounds from Ganoderma Lucidum.

The main problem in the utilization of bran into rice bran oil is easy to rancid because of the high lipase enzyme content. The preheating process on the bran using an oven serves to inactivate the lipase enzyme and increase oil yield. Aim this research is to find out the effect of preheating temperature and preheating time on physical properties (yield, color, and melting point) and chemical properties (free fatty acid, antioxidant activity, phenol levels, and fatty acid profiles) crude black rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Mutiara. The experimental design used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with of two factors, the temperature and time heating. The research were analyzed using One Way Anova with significance level α = 0,05. The research showed variations in temperature and pre heating time significant effect on the physical and chemical characteristics of crude black rice bran oil. The preliminary heating treatment at 110°C for 10 minutes is the best treatment. The physical characteristics of yield 9,62%, color is obtained value L* 33,70, a* 2,99, b* 1,08, and whiteness degree 33,62 and melting point 28,50-34,50°C. Chemical characteristics free fatty acid level 18,43%, antioxidant activity 76,69%, and phenol level 0,46%. The fatty acid profiles selected black rice bran oil cultivar Mutiara is myristoleic acid 0,44%, palmitoleic acid 20,04%, elaidic acid 2,01%, linoleic acid 34,91%, linolelaidic acid 0,32%, γ-linolenic acid 38,37%, α-linolenic acid 2,88%, eicosanoic acid 0,65%, and eicosadienoic acid 0,38%. Based on these results, black rice bran oil is suitable for use as cooking oil and oleogel which is applied to fat and oil based spread products.

In this study, the amount of total phenolic compounds in propolis extract obtained from extraction by two methods of Maceration and ultrasound and also the effect of extraction method on the type and amount of each of phenolic compounds using chromatography method was investigated. Extraction by Maceration method was carried out in different ratios (10, 30, 50% w/v) of propolis to ethanol solvent 70% at different time intervals (2, 8, 24 h). The ultrasonic extraction method was performed at different times (7, 14, 21 min) and vibrational amplitudes (60, 80, 100%). The maximum percentage of phenolic compounds in propolis extract was obtained from the Maceration method applying the extraction time of 24 h and when the ratio of 10% w/v of propolis to solvent was 44. 82%. However, with the ultrasonic method the maximum percentage obtained was at 21 min with a vibrational amplitude of 80%, where most of the phenolic compounds were obtained with 41. 19%. Identification of phenolic compounds of extracts using high performance liquid chromatography showed that 15 phenolic compounds in the extract of propolis were obtained by Maceration method, while 13 extracts were obtained by sonication. The highest recovery and identification components in propolis extract determined by both of the extraction methods was Pinocemberin, with 15. 1% of extracts in the ultrasound method and 11. 7% in the Maceration method. The results of chromatography showed that the percentage of each of the compounds identified in the propolis extract which were extracted using ultrasound method, was higher than the ones extracted applying Maceration method.

Plants are a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds which are among the most important natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of flavonoid, total phenolic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial compounds from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum by the Maceration method. To do so, independent variables including temperature, extraction time, and type of solvent along with Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used. The results of single optimization of the independent variables showed the highest flavonoid content (15. 19 mg/g) with 100% desirability at an extraction time of 48 h, the temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The highest total phenolic content (16. 96 mg/g) with 99. 96% desirability was observed at an extraction time of 26 h, a temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The highest amount of antioxidant compounds (3. 03 mg/g) or the lowest IC50 value (mg/mL) with 100% desirability was found at an extraction time of 48 h at a temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The results of simultaneous optimization of the extraction conditions by Maceration method showed the highest flavonoid content (15. 20 mg/g), total phenolic content (16. 01 mg/g), and the lowest IC50 (3. 03 mg/mL) with 98. 157% desirability at extraction time of 48 h, the temperature of 60 °C using ethanol solvent. The highest mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of G. lucidum extract obtained by the Maceration method were 2500 and 5000 μg/mL, respectively against Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia E. coli. The predicted optimized treatment had superior antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a non-growth halo (Zone of inhibition) diameter of 10. 60 mm as compared to C. perfringens and E. coli. The results revealed that the G. lucidum extract obtained by the Maceration method could be introduced as an antioxidant and antimicrobial source in marketable food products.

Ferulago angulata is a plant known for its phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the flavonoid content antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of F. angulata extract obtained through Maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Optimal extraction conditions for flavonoid content were determined. The Maceration method yielded the highest flavonoid content (276.45 µg QE/ml) with 4 hours of extraction, 250 rpm stirring speed, and 100% ethanol solvent. The ultrasound-assisted method achieved maximum flavonoid content (375.12 µg QE/ml) with 15 minutes of extraction, 140 rpm stirring speed, and 100% ethanol solvent. The Maceration extraction method showed the largest inhibition zone diameter, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium, indicating strong antibacterial activity. The smallest inhibition zone diameter was observed against Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium. The extraction method significantly influenced the antibacterial properties of the extracts. These findings contribute to understanding the potential applications of F. angulata as a natural source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents.

Rhynchotechum ellipticum, locally known as Cheodhima, Paicha, or Sattari, is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the neuropharmacological effects of R. ellipticum leaf and stem extracts in Swiss albino mice. In the thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, mice received different doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight, while 50 and 125 mg/kg body weight were used in other examinations. In trials examining the effects of thiopental sodium on sleep, administration of the extracts caused a marked reduction in the amount of time spent sleeping and the time needed to fall asleep (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). Additionally, at doses of 50 and 125 mg/kg, a significant decrease in unrestricted movement and exploratory behavior was observed in both the hole-crossing and open-field tests (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). The hole-board test also decreased the frequency of head dips at doses of 50 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). Both extracts demonstrated superior neuropharmacological properties at a dose of 125 mL/kg. The leaf and stem extracts of R. ellipticum have potent anti-depressant and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system, and could be utilized in neuropharmacology as an additional therapy.