Background: The rate of animal bites in Golestan Province, Iran, is alarmingly high, placing a significant burden on the country's healthcare system. Kalaleh City is one of the cities of Golestan Province and the rate of animal bites needs to be investigated. Therefore, this study was designed and conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics of animal bites in Kalaleh City from 2016 to 2020. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3838 animal-bitten cases that were registered in the electronic system of the rabies prevention department of the health center were included in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS software. Findings: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the subjects’ age was 27.07 ± 19.27 years. The total incidence rate in these five years was 654 per 100000 population. 72.4% of the bitten people were men, and 86.3% were villagers. In terms of animals, 89.5% of bites were by dogs and 7% by cats. In terms of bite season, it was 26.2% in spring and 26.6% in summer. In terms of job distribution, 31.7% were students. Conclusion: The average incidence rate of animal bites during the study period was 654 per 100000 individuals. Most of the people bitten were villagers and men. The bites have been significant among students, children, and farmers. Interventions to reduce the incidence rate in this city seem necessary.

Kelale mountainous region is located in the east of the Golestan province. There are several karstic springs such as Zav، Aghsoo، Yal-cheshme in the region due to the existing karstic limestone and relatively high average precipitation value. The development of karstic formation in Kelale area and catchment area of four major springs has been investigated in this study based on geology، hydrogeologic and hydrochemical factors. In this area، springs are discharged from Lar، Tirgan، and Mozduran karstic formations and Sarcheshmeh shale formation. Different karst features such as closed depression، sinkhole، joint and fractures were observed in Lar formation during field investigation، then the Lar formation proposed as catchment area. The types of flow in all springs are conduit and diffuse flow. Zav and upper Yal-cheshme with three recession coefficient، are fed by a well-developed karstic aquifer; while the recession curve of Aghsoo and lower Yal-cheshme have one recession coefficient، indicating weaker karstic development in the basin. All the springs have the same origin and mainly have Ca-HCO3 water type. Cation exchange also affects the hydrochemical characteristic of the springs. All springs are super-saturated with calcite and dolomite but under-saturated with gypsum and halite.

In the Quran, only two verses speak about inheritance of Kalaleh siblings (Kalaleh), verse 12 Surah Nisa and the other verse of 176 Surah Nisa. In this context, two issues discussed: First issue, between the first and second caliphs in the concept of siblings, the first caliph says: sibling (Kalaleh) is who has no father and no son, While the latter caliph says that: sibling (Kalaleh) is who has no father, and he has the other judicial decree) fatva (that he stop ) no spicial idea. ( But it is clear that the judicial decree of second caliph is not correct because when there are children, its the first level turn not the second level, which include brothers and sisters. And the second issue: in the two verses speaks about two different issues and this show is a kind of conflict, but according to narrations of the Ahlul Bayt (as) this conflict is resolved: This suggests that the verse 12 is about siblings of mother and verse 176 is about siblings of parents or siblings of father.

Background and objectives: Almost 130 million infants are born each year, more than 8 million of whom die before their first year of life. In the developing countries, two thirds of these deaths occur in the first month of their life. Reduced infant mortality is among the Millennium Development indicators, and this rate is high in Kalaleh city. This study aimed to identify the most common causes of infant death, so that the avoidable deaths be prevented by offering intervention plans.Methods: In this study, all causes of infant death in Kalaleh city during 2003-2013 were investigated. The information was collected with the designed form. The data were, then, coded and entered into the SPSS 17 software, and analyzed using independent statistical chi-square test.Results: 388 infant deaths accounted for 83% of under-5 mortality. The most common causes of death include prematurity (47.42%), congenital abnormalities (22.42%), and disasters and accidents (9.79%). 82.73% of the infants weighed below 2500 g. 60% of the prematurity deaths occurred to primigravid women. There was a statistically significant relationship between primigravity and prematurity infant death with a 95% confidence (P=0.003). 74.74% of the infant deaths occurred in the first week, and 58.96% in the first 24 hours.Conclusion: As 38.4% of the infant deaths occurred in the first pregnancy, and 60% of prematurity deaths happened to primigravid women, and there was a relationship between primigravity and prematurity infant deaths, the importance of the particular care of these mothers comes into sight. Planning for teaching the importance of caring the primigravid mothers and making their families more sensitive about the significance of caring these mothers can be effective in reducing premature infant mortality.

Poverty is one of the most serious problems of present time for the governments and policy makers. Despite remarkable economic development, millions of people throughout the world live in absolute poverty especially in the rural areas. Study on factors affecting poverty, particularly rural poverty will help experts and policy makers to formulate a plan for alleviation of poverty in the deprived parts of the rural areas. To study socio-economic determinants of poverty in Kalaleh, at the begining by the use of multiple stratified random sampling method all respondents were stratified according to inter grated indices like wealth, occupation, education and benefit-cost ratio. According to results of the study, two groups of people (i) land owner group (large, medium and small farmers), and (ii) landless group (large, medium and small farmers) were distinguished. Then by the use of median-income method, poverty line was calculated in the rural society. The results of the study revealed that, 15.7 percent of farmers were living under poverty line. For the study of factors affecting rural poverty, all farmers under poverty line, enumerated. Analysis of the data showed that, agricultural economic factors were the main factors of creating poverty. Occupation situation, social relationships, and extent of social participation were other factors that influenced poverty level of rural people under study. In this study other factors such as household annual income, as well as accessibility of the village to service facilities were also taken into account.

Background and aim: The socialization process and differentiation of patterns of values in one hand, and improper interaction between them, caused a great deal of abnormalities among people. The increasing number of suicides among women Golestan Province, esp. of Kalaleh City, and its consequences, such as destruction of human capital, were the main motivation of the researchers. The purpose of this study the efficacy of interaction of socialization agents (family & media) in transmission patterns and values of Turkmen women and their impacts on the failed suicide attempt among this phenomenon has been.Method: This study is a qualitative research. Turkmen women in Kakleh had a failed suicide attempt from 1387 till the time of research. Due to the sensitivity of the issue and not having address of them, and mostly not cooperating in answering research questions, only 7 people cooperated with our study. Semi-structured interview was used to gather data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data.Findings: It was found that marriage was the most important reason of committing suicide. The research findings showed there was a conflict between family and media on transmitting values.Conclusion: An unbalanced relation between concepts of right and duty on transmitting values by family and the media and the biased approach of these two towards one of the concepts was another conclusion of this study.

Background and Objective:leishmaniasis is a Zoonotic disease that is transmited by sandfly to human. This study were carried out in order to demonstrate some ecological characters of leishmaniasis vectors in Kalaleh district, Golestan province ,Iran, during 2006-07.Materials and Methods: In present study 6 villages were selected. Sandfly were collected by sticky traps. 3 places were sampled in each village and in each places 20 traps were installed. After sampling collection, we used diagnostic criteria to identify the Sandflies, also confirmed human cases were recorded according to the months of identification.Results: 4900 sandflies were detected in 6 villages and 12 species of sandflies were identified, which including P.papatasi, P.mongolensis, P.caucasicus, P.caucasicus group, P.sergenti, P.alexandri, P.kazeroni, P.brevis, P.(adlerius) sp, S.sintoni, S.clydei, S.sogdiana). P.papatasi was predominant species in indoor places (46.1%) and S.sintoni was in outdoor places (36.7%). Sandflies activities extended from early May through mid October with two peaks in mid June and September. Human infection had a important peak in January. During the collection of sandflies, the species of P.alexandri, P.kazeroni, P.brevis, P.(Adlerius sp.), S.clydei and S.sogdiana were collected for the first time from this area.Conclusion: In this study, P.papatasi was the predominant species in this area. Sandflies second activity peak occured in September that is crucial for transmission of disease. The incubation period for this disease was four months. 

Rangeland insurance can be one of the mechanisms to deal with inevitable risks of natural resources and may be the most appropriate strategy to reduce financial losses. Rangeland insurance in rural and tribal communities could be considered as a new phenomenon. In this research, the factors affecting rangelands insurance demand were investigated in Kalaleh district. The study was a survey research using questionnaires of pastoralists. In the questionnaires, several variables were examined. The target population was all pastoralists that had range management plan. Sample size was determined using Cochran's formula and estimated to be 115 people. In this research, to assess the factors affecting rangeland insurance demand econometrics patterns Logit model was used. Logit model parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood. According to the results, the effects of premium, forage residue, and membership in the council were negatively significant, while other factors were positively significant in rangeland insurance demand. Rangeland insurance can play an important role in range improvement and reclamation as well as increased production of rangelands. Accordingly, the need for implementation of educational and promotional programs to introduce the goals and benefits of rangeland insurance to the insurers in one hand and providing financial aids and improve the conditions for reimbursement of damages to the affected insurers in the other hand could provide the required facilities to help this part of society as well as greater willingness to extend their insurance and encourage other beneficiaries to insure their rangelands.

Background and Objective: Animal biting is a very important threat for human health, due to the post-infections, such as rabies, which would be fatal. This Study was carried out to determine the epidemiological aspects of animal bites in Kalaleh district, North of Iran.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and cross sectional study, all cases with animal biting during 2003-05 which were reffred to Kalaleh, Maraveh- tappeh therapy centers in Golestan province North of Iran were considered as sujects of this epidemiological survey. Results: From the totally 3496 biting, during 3 years, 2477 cases (70.9%) were male and 1019 (29.1%) female. The Mean age of cases was 24.2±17.5 and age domain between 1 to 86 was variable. The biting incidence rate was increased during 3 years, as follow 2003, 2004 and 2005 were 745/100000, 787/100000 and 788/100000 respectively. Total incidence was 773/10000 during the 3 years, the most biting frequency belong to the students 1157 (37%). Lower limb was the most common site of biting 2344 (67%). Dog was the common animal in biting 3344 (95.6). Most biting happened in spring season 1042 (29.8%). 3151 cases (90.1%) were living in rural area. 3198 cases (91.5%) and 298 (98.5%) had complete and d vaccination respectively.Conclusion: According to the results from this survey, the rate of dog biting in Kalaleh district was more than the other region, therefore, it would be important that all concerning organizations interfere to prevent and control this health threat.