The purpose of the present study was to explore the passive and electrically assisted transdermal transport of Granisetron hydrochloride (GRA) in solution and gel formulation through IONTOPHORESIS and also the feasibility of delivering therapeutic amounts of drug for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In this study, iontophoretic permeation of GRA through guinea pig skin using silver-silver chloride electrode was performed and the effects of different variables on this phenomenon were evaluated. Preliminary in-vitro studies using aqueous GRA formulations investigating the effect of drug concentration (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg mL-1) on passive permeation, current density (0.2, 0.4 and 0.5 mA cm-2), mode of current application, penetration enhancers and effect of application duration were performed. As expected, GRA delivery was found to be increased with the elevation in drug concentration and current density. Anodal continuous current delivery was more effective in the permeation of GRA than the pulsed current method. Penetration enhancers were ineffective to show synergistic effect in conjunction with IONTOPHORESIS. It was evident that reservoir in the skin was not formed during the iontophoretic delivery. The results confirm that GRA is an excellent candidate for IONTOPHORESIS. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of GRA transdermal transport through the Lutrol F-127 gel by IONTOPHORESIS. Further in-vivo studies will be required to support in-vitro conclusions and develop in-vitro, in-vivo correlations.

Drug delivery to the inner part of the eye is still a problem in treatment of ocular disease. IONTOPHORESIS has been used in the field of medicine for many years. This technique consists of applying a weak electrical current to drive charged drug molecules across tissue barriers. Transcorneal IONTOPHORESIS delivers a high concentration of drug to the anterior segment of the eye (cornea, aqueous humor, ciliary body, iris, and lens), for the treatment of anterior segment diseases. There are different types of IONTOPHORESIS such as ophthalmic, transdermal, transungual, oral, buccal, and transnasal. The benefit of iontophoretic drug delivery in ophthalmology lays in its capacity to provide high drug tissue concentration safely, while minimizing the systemic drug exposure. This review summarizes basics of ocular IONTOPHORESIS and iontophoretic device, trans corneal and transscleral IONTOPHORESIS, and the applications of IONTOPHORESIS in ophthalmology.

Insulin therapy is essential for regulating glucose levels in diabetic patients. However, subcutaneous insulin injection, despite being a standard procedure, is invasive and often painful and can lead to complications such as skin damage and infections. These issues often result in poor patient compliance and inadequate glycemic control. Recently, transdermal insulin administration has been explored as an alternative to subcutaneous methods; however, no universally accepted protocol has been developed for its use. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of IONTOPHORESIS on transdermal insulin administration in laboratory animals. Using the PICO search strategy and in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, relevant articles published from January 1980 to May 2025 were retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PEDro, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The findings from these studies suggest that combining IONTOPHORESIS with physical enhancers of skin penetration can effectively regulate blood glucose levels while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia.

When treating patients with an arterio-venous fistula, reverse IONTOPHORESIS (RI) was applied to the nondominant arm, or the arm free of the fistula. For the individuals receiving hemodialysis, sampling was done during dialysis. Before beginning the study, peritoneal dialysis patients were completely drained. MIC2® IONTOPHORESIS Controller (Wilmington, DE, USA: Moon Instruments Inc. Early in the 1970s, therapeutic drug monitoring was implemented with the goals of reducing systemic toxicity, enhancing patient safety, and customizing the dosing regimen. Medications with a narrow therapeutic index, undesirable effects related to concentration, and pharmacokinetic changes are regarded as potential candidates for therapeutic drug monitoring. By using a low-level electrical current to induce electroosmotic flow, sometimes known as RI, glucose can be retrieved through undamaged skin. Continuous blood glucose monitoring becomes feasible and simple with the use of this RI-based extraction approach, which also removes the discomfort and inconvenience that typical fingerstick blood tests cause diabetic patients. The watch uses a flexible electrochemical sensor patch coated in Nafion that is fastened to the watchband to trans-dermally collect interstitial fluid at the wrist. The epidemics of diabetes and obesity are just two of the many causes contributing to the rising global burden of chronic kidney disease, which is also partially attributable to better screening. Premature newborns are a vulnerable group of patients that require close and ongoing monitoring. They are frequently treated with various medications and intense clinical care. Non-invasive techniques are widely appreciated for early skin cancer diagnosis. Monitoring pertinent biomarkers on the skin’s surface, such as tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn), is one strategy that might be used. Therefore, the principal goal of this in vitro study is to determine whether RI could improve the extraction of Trp and Kyn. This review demonstrates what RI is along with the use of RI in the diagnosis and surveillance of many diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lithium monitoring, newborn monitoring, and transdermal biomarker extraction.

Background: Focal hyperhidrosis is not rare, affecting nearly 3% of the population. This condition is often socially and professionally debilitating, leading to significant quality of life impairment. Hence, its treatment is an issue of importance. To determine the comparative efficacy of tap water IONTOPHORESIS to IONTOPHORESIS with atropine.Materials and Methods: We undertook a single-blinded right-left clinical trial in 16 patients with palmoplantar hyperhidrosis attending to dermatology clinic of Loqman Hospital during 2006. We compared the efficacy and the duration of symptom relief following IONTOPHORESIS with atropine to IONTOPHORESIS with tap water according to both objective (Iodine Test) and subjective (patients' judgment) criteria.Results: therapeutic efficacy was 81.25% after 5 weeks and 100% after 10 weeks of IONTOPHORESIS. Following treatment with tap water IONTOPHORESIS and atropine IONTOPHORESIS, patients reported similar improvement in two hands. Atropine IONTOPHORESIS was superior to tap water only after five sessions; however it was not statistically significant (P> 0.05).Conclusion: We postulate that the similar efficacy of atropine IONTOPHORESIS when compared with tap water IONTOPHORESIS relates to mechanism of action of IONTOPHORESIS which is not affected by atropine, additionally.

Introduction: Tennis elbow (TE) is one of the most commonly encountered upper limb conditions. It mainly affects people who use the hand grip against resistance frequently, resulting in microtrauma to the wrist extensors tendon, causing pain. This study was conducted to compare the application of IONTOPHORESIS of 0.4% dexamethasone and Cyriax-type exercises in the treatment of chronic tennis elbow (CTE).Methods: Twenty-two industrial worker diagnosed as having CTE participated in this study, and their ages ranged from 25 to 52. They were assigned randomly to two groups, i.e., “group A” in which the workers were treated by IONTOPHORESIS of 0.4% Dexamethasone and “group B” in which the workers were treated by conducting Cyriax-type exercises on the affected tendon. Both groups received stretching exercises for the common extensors tendon for 10 minutes in addition to five minutes of pulsed US 1.1 W/cm2 six times over two weeks. The outcome of the treatment was assessed one week after the last session by the visual analog scale (VAS) to assess pain, by the Oxford elbow score (OES) to measure the patient’s satisfaction, and by a handgrip dynamometer to measure the strength of the handgrip.Results: The application of 0.4% dexamethasone IONTOPHORESIS and the use of Cyriax-type exercises both provided significant improvement in the pain, patient’s satisfaction, and the power of the handgrip, and there were no significant difference (p > 0.001) in any of the three measures after the first week’s treatment.Conclusions: Both IONTOPHORESIS of 0.4% dexamethasone and Cyriax-type exercises were successful as treatment modalities for patients with CTE, and there were no significant differences between both of them in the treatment of those cases.

The aim of the present study was to develop and investigate the feasibility of delivering Nebivolol as a transdermal patch by IONTOPHORESIS. The passive and electrically assisted transdermal delivery of Nebivolol hydrochloride by IONTOPHORESIS will improve the therapeutic efficacy and overcome the difficulties raised in oral drug delivery. Because of its extensive hepatic metabolism and low dose, Nebivolol hydrochloride become a suitable candidate for transdermal administration. The matrix transdermal patches of Nebivolol hydrochloride were prepared and tested for in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation. The study was conducted with the help of silver-silver chloride electrodes by IONTOPHORESIS across hairless rat skin. Drug release was evaluated in the presence of IONTOPHORESIS field using a current density of 0. 5 mA/cm2 or without electric field i. e passive diffusion by the process of electro-migration and electro-osmosis. Drug was measured spectrophotometrically and flux was determined. The flux of Nebivolol significantly increased (P<0. 05) with increase in current strength from 0. 5 – 1. 0 mA/cm2. The findings show that Nebivolol hydrochloride matrix transdermal therapeutic systems could be prepared with the required flux having suitable mechanical properties. It can be concluded from the results that the appliance of IONTOPHORESIS with penetration enhancer enhances the flux compared to the passive diffusion.