2Introduction: Chronic diseases, including osteoarthritis, are often debilitating due to their progressive course and affect the quality of life of the elderly. Among herbal products, geranium can be considered as a potential natural medicine due to the antioxidant properties of its leaf essence. Aim of the research: In the present study, the physiological relationship of aromatic geranium leaf essential oil on cartilage protection in collagenase-INDUCED osteoarthritis in New Zealand rabbits was determined. Research method: After preparing the essential plant, the rabbits were kept for 1 month to adapt to the laboratory conditions. Collagenase was injected intra-articularly into the right knees of rabbits. 30 days after collagenase-INDUCED osteoarthritis, rabbits were administered orally with distilled water (positive control), geranium essential oil (50, 100 mg/kg) and celecoxib (0.3 mL of 0.4%) once a day. became Result: after the development of arthritis, the essential oil significantly reduced the stiffness of the articular cartilage in the affected rabbits. The expression of collagen type II, proteoglycan and aggrecan significantly increased in the rabbit knee joints of the group treated with essential oil. However, celecoxib had no effect on cartilage protection. The expression levels of ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 in the group treated with essential oil decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the level of tissue inhibitory metalloproteinase increased in a dose-dependent manner. Proinflammatory cytokines involved in cartilage destruction, such as IL-1β, and inflammatory mediators containing PGE2 and NO were also inhibited in the essential oil-treated group. These results show that the effect of geranium essential oil on the protection of affected cartilage is done by reducing the expression of inflammatory mediators and aggrecanases and MMPs.

Background: In Iran, nearly 530,000 intentional abortions take place every year. Intentional or criminal abortions make up nearly a third of all abortions, which is a significant number. In order to improve the mortality rate of pregnant mothers and reduce unsafe abortions, it is necessary to identify key causes of abortion. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting INDUCED abortions, allowing for the development of effective solutions for policy-making based on the results.  Methods: The present study was carried out using the scoping review method in 2023. This scoping review assessed articles related to the causes of INDUCED abortion from 2003 to 2023 searched in English language databases, including Springer, PubMed, Web of Science, Emerald, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, as well as Persian electronic databases, including Magiran and SID, and the Google Scholar search engine. The data were analyzed qualitatively through content analysis and coded using MAXQDA software, version 20.  Results: In this study, factors affecting INDUCED abortion were categorized as predisposing factors, enabling factors, and need factors associated with the use or non-use of health services. Conclusion: The effective factors in fertility are the society’s culture, as well as environmental, social, economic, political, and religious factors that determine fertility and abortion within the society. At the micro level, personal motives, people’s attitudes, and their perceptions can affect people’s behavior.

The response of climate to perturbations in GHGs is location dependent. Six experiments: control (CTRL); double CH4; double CO2; double N2O; halved CFC11 and halved CFC12 were carried out to reveal the local area response to different GHGs levels in the atmosphere over West Africa. Double CH4, CO2 and N2O generally induce wetness but they also induce localized dryness at the hilly and mountainous areas of SW Ghana, Central Nigeria, Northern Cameroon and South-eastern Central African Republic. Increase in ground temperature is INDUCED by double GHGs with intensified warming at the north by double CO2. However, patches of cooling are INDUCED at the north. Changes in specific humidity INDUCED by double CO2, CH4 and N2O are similar. Intensified tropical easterly jet is INDUCED by double GHGs. A dipole anomaly of wind with positive at the lower latitude and negative at higher latitude is INDUCED at the northern part of West Africa. Significant reduction in cloud water content is INDUCED from 900 to 400 hPa and 0 and 15oN.

A miodarone, an effective iodine-rich antiarrhythmic drug, frequently causes either changes in thyroid function tests or clinical thyroid dysfunction. Both amiodarone-INDUCED thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and amiodarone-INDUCED hypothyroidism (AIH) have an overall incidence of approximately 14- 18%, and AIT being most common in iodinedeficient areas, AIH in iodine-sufficient areas. Both dysfunctions may develop either in apparently normal thyroid glands or in glands with preexisting abnormalities (either nodular goiter or thyroid autoimmune disease). The most important pathogenic mechanisms of AIT include excess iodine-INDUCED thyroid hormone synthesis (type I AIT) and amiodarone (or iodine) - related destructive thyroiditis (type II AIT), but mixed forms involving both pathogenic mechanisms are likely more frequent than previously believed. AIT is a therapeutic challenge, because rapid restoration of euthyroidism is warranted in patients with underlying cardiac disorders. Treatment of choice for type I AIT is represented by the concomitant administration of thionamides and potassium perchlorate, whereas steroids are the most useful tool for type II AIT. Mixed (or, better, undefined) forms of AIT should be treated with a combination of thionamides, potassium perchlorate and glucocorticoids. Radioiodine therapy is usually not feasible owing to low thyroidal radioiodine uptake due to iodine load, while thyroidectomy can be performed in cases resistant to medical therapy or in those patients requiring a rapid control of thyrotoxicosis after a short course with iopanoic acid to restore normal serum T3 levels. Thyroid ablation is usually required in type I and undefined AIT, also because this allows safe reinstitution of amiodarone treatment, if needed; follow-up without treatment is sufficient in most patients with type II AIT, who usually remain euthyroid or may develop hypothyroidism after reexposure to iodine load.

Hair loss is a transient but often psychologically devastating consequence of cancer chemotherapy. A wide range of chemotherapy agents can affect the growing cells of the hair follicle. The frequency and severity of alopecia varies depending upon the specific chemotherapy agent or combination regimen administered the dosage of drugs, and the treatment schedule. The majority of chemotherapy-INDUCED alopecia is reversible once therapy is discontinued, with the possible exception of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors.All patients who will receive chemotherapy that may result in alopecia should be informed of the likely side effect of hair loss. Options such as head wraps, hats, or wigs should be discussed in advance so that the patient can be more physically and emotionally prepared.Although scalp protection through cooling or tourniquet has been reported to minimize delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the scalp thereby potentially decreasing the risk of hair loss, case reports of cutaneous metastases or spread in these settings prevent general recommendation for their use. Because chemotherapy-associated hair loss is transient and completely reversible after cessation of therapy, adequate counseling and psychological support before and during therapy should take precedence over the use of such devices.Currently there are no available pharmacologic interventions that have been shown to decrease the risk of chemotherapy-INDUCED alopecia. Although minoxidil has not shown efficacy in preventing chemotherapy INDUCED alopecia, the use of minoxidil during the period of regrowth may help to minimize hair follicle miniaturization in patients at risk for androgenetic alopecia.