As a branch of anthropology, Traditional or INDIGENOUS knowledge has a unique position in infrastructural studies of persistent development. Beside discussing the global position of INDIGENOUS knowledge, this paper has tried to present a case research project of coal making in Mazandaran Province of Iran using traditional method. to do this, the researcher has carried out direct in depth observations, face to face and qualtitative interviews, along with the use of documents. The Focus group solely consists of coal makers, meanwhile mule keepers, contractors and other locals people were also studied. Interviewed people were selected through snowball sampling in a longitudinal or multi periodic time course study in the research site.The study reveals how coal making process has passed down from eneration to generation by the foresters through a special kind of natural environment coexistence resulting in forest preservation. In contrast, current companies carelessly exploit forest resources with no careful supervision leading to total destruction of this national property, so that the alarm ring for forest and biodiversity has already tolled.

Obtaining oil per day in Iran often caused its distribution and emission to the environment in various stages of operation and transportation. Efficient methods to clean up soil pollution, but environmentally friendly and suitable is inevitable. The aim of this study was optimization of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) biodegradation by INDIGENOUS and non INDIGENOUS microorganisms in different applied remediation methods. Then, the best performance and trend of hydrocarbon contamination decomposition in time series were determined. Hence Ray's refinery contaminated soil with 38% TPH was used and thirteen treatments including fertilizers, animal manure, sawdust and inoculation of bacteria's (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillusmegaterium, Pseudomonasputida) were applied in soil thirteen times (every 2 weeks). The results showed that, treatments of bacteria + sawdust and bacteria had the greatest impact respectively with 35% and 34% decrease, of oil pollution of this soil and treatment of dry soil (without any additives except aeration) with a 20% reduction, had less effective in the amount of oil, than other treatments. The results indicated that, by active INDIGENOUS microorganisms and improving environmental conditions including aeration, additional nutrients and moisture, decomposition rate of petroleum can be increased. If native microorganism activity has low level, mixing sawdust, animal manure with inoculated non-native microorganisms including oil-eating active bacteria, will increase the process of reducing petroleum pollution.

The choice of materials is one of the major challenges in contemporary architecture. As far as the criteria of present buildings are present, limits are considered to choose and apply it. The arrival of various materials in the country requires the INDIGENOUS-aesthetic basis of it. For in case of neglect of this, the original face of the cities will grow more turbulent. This study examines the ecological basis and its adaptation to personality theories tries to explore local-personality differences and use different materials. The question of the research can be suggested: How is the difference between different personalities in choosing, processing and applying materials, and how did selected monuments find? Since the ornamentation is also important as a factor to explore the differences in the use of materials, the difference of personalities in the selection of ornamentation is also addressed. The method of research in the creation and structure of theoretic bases, logical reasoning, and in inferring the difference between material and ornamentation originated from the diversity of native characters. in this study, based on the basis of reasoning, the land of canvas causes the thinker, the moisture causes sensation and perception, the cold, and heat cause an introvert to become an introvert. Basic personality introspection is the use of natural materials, making a difference in the appearance of materials, the use of monochrome materials, and lack of interest in indexing materials. A basic personality Extraversion is a welcome to new materials, use of materials to diversify or modify materials color and make distinctions between different parts according to changes in type or arrangement of materials. to be thoughtful and judgment in the base personality causes uncertainty in the choice of materials, the use of textured materials on the side of the smooth materials, the tendency to show the geometrical arrangement of materials by making clarity on the boundary of parts and components. The perception of the basis of the basic personality causes risk taking in the use of new materials, the tendency of to work, the use of natural or less processed materials, the use of material with little contrast in color and texture.

INDIGENOUS Knowledge (IK) is important for every nation and consequently for the whole world. from scientific and cultural view point. Previously IK did not have a good status and it was in a ‘backward’ state during 19th century, but in 20th century due to bio-environmental problems caused by inopportune use of modern technology in developing countries, the scholars directed their attention to IK. In this process Gender IK was dealt with as necessity, because the GIK make the rural development more effective.  In this paper my aim is to identify GIK, while acknowledging that the rural women IK is different with men’s one. The methods of data gathering include documentary and library Sources, Internet and Field study. In Field study, the different “PRA” Techniques are used. For this purpose 150 women from 22 Nieshabour villages are chosen by simple random and are interviewed. The result of the research shows (with 95% confidents) that the women in this area are very rich in agriculture IK. Most of their IK is in plantation particularly in mixed and livelihood crops, while they have less IK in identifying the modern methods of pest control. But the men have high rank AIK in commercial and mono-cultivation.

The present article aims to investigate the role of education through INDIGENOUS and non-INDIGENOUS agents of socialization in the consumerism of students in Shaft city with an interpretive approach. Hence, theories of socialization and consumption by theorists such as Baudrillard, Simmel, Fromm, Mead, Blumer, and cooley have been used. Data were collected and analyzed through library, field and survey methods and techniques of taking notes, observation, interview and questionnaire. The statistical population in the survey study consisted of all female students in the age group of 13-16 years old in Shaft with 1693 people which 313 people were selected using Cochran's sample size formula by relative classification sampling method. Sampling in the qualitative study was done by interview and observation techniques in a theoretical way in the Shaft area. Findings from the study showed that there is a relationship between socialization through agents such as teachers' attitudes toward consumerism, communication with peers, fashion, parents' attitudes, mass media and tourists, and students' consumerism. The results of the qualitative secondary study in combination with quantitative research showed that education through mediators or INDIGENOUS agents such as the attitude of teachers and peer groups and nonINDIGENOUS agents such as the role of tourists and mass media is effective on consumerism.

This study analysed women s INDIGENOUS knowledge of folk medicines with respect to human and livestock illnesses in selected areas in upper Swat, Buner, and Chitral Districts of the Malakand region of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan in the summer 2003. This analysis was completed by a male and female multi-disciplinary team of specialists. Interviews were conducted using Questionnaires and Medicinal Herb Data Sheets, and Transect Walks where executed in each area visited. The women’s general medical herb collection habits, use, preparations, storage and marketing were ascertained from the Questionnaires, whereas the Medicinal Herb Data sheets (using both male and respondents) provided comprehensive information on individual herbs employed in health care. The Transect Walks allowed the identified herbs of each area to be seen in their natural habitat, and provided a platform for the exploration of local herbs not known to be medicinally active by the community. A total of 87 women interviewed during the course of this study supplied information on 143 different herb species, out of which 58 species were used for the treatment of humans and 85 species were found to bed used for the treatment of both humans and livestock. The result of the survey showed that the knowledge of the women in all 3 districts was appreciable, but it was observed that the elder women generally, and the women from Buner District had a superior understanding of folk medicine. On combining the knowledge recorded from the men and women, and from the Transect Walks, a list of 345 different medicinal plant species can be formulated The transect Walks revealed that on average the women only knew of 29% of the medicinally active herbs in their locality, whilst the men were familiar with 51%. It can be stated that the use of herbs for medicinal purposes was prevalent throughout the regions visited, and this form of medication was administered to both adults and children. The advice of doctors was also sought by most women, the main reasons being for accidents, surgery and births. Preparations of medicinal herbs rarely went beyond drying (most sun-drying), some women dispensed the herbs in the forms of infusions, decoctions, syrups etc., however, the typical method employed was swallowing the dried powdered herb with water. The place and type of storage of medicinal plants varied immensely, and often poor techniques such as non-airtight containers and storing in partial sunlight were observed. Cultivation and marketing was not a priority for the women interviewed, however, of the 3 Districts surveyed the highest incidence of cultivation occurred in Chitral District. Only 9 herbs were found to be marketed by the women throughout the survey, and this enterprise only occurred in Buner and Chitral District. In response to the findings of this survey, a rationale has been developed for screening the ethnobotanical data base generated, and 44 species have been identified as either threatened species, and/or species of commercial value. It has been recommended that these species be included in the future planned medicinal plant research and development initiatives. A primary recommendation concluded from this survey was the need for education of the women. This would embrace the techniques regarding medicinal herb use, including collection, preparation, storage and cultivation advice. Education, awareness, and possibly the formulation of women s enterprise groups was considered to be essential for improved health care and successful marketing.

This study is based upon a field work in the Turkmen Sahara region. It explores one of the INDIGENOUS healing methods called Ishani taken by the Turkmen women. There are different methods of healing among Turkmen such as Porkhani, Damartotan, but Ishani is one of the most amazing cultural phenomena grown in the Turkmen culture. The root of this healing method is based upon the central Asian culture. The present paper presents the character of women healers as the method itself. INDIGENOUS healing method is a combination of different techniques which are presented through a ritual ceremony. Such treatments have been always existed as the traditional ways of healing methods. Human being and his diseases and the treatment discovery have always integrated all over the world. The information of INDIGENOUS knowledge is one of the sources of INDIGENOUS healing. To explore, discover, and document the INDIGENOUS knowledge helps to reveal the hidden parts of the culture as well as the INDIGENOUS healings. The healer has been regarded as a Master by patient. For the native patients, the function of the healer is not only treating him, but also the process of healing is relating to the beliefs of people. This paper is concentrated on Ishani which is mostly influenced by Islam, so it is different from other healing methods specifically from Porkhani that is focused on shamanism and is streamed from the central Asian tribe.