سابقه و هدف: پوسیدگی های مخفی (HIDDEN Caries) به پوسیدگی های سطح اکلوزال مولرهای دایمی اطلاق می گردد که در معاینه کلینیکی قابل تشخیص نبوده و با رادیوگرافی شناخته می شوند. هدف از این مطالعه مروری بر نتایج مطالعات جدیدی که در این زمینه صورت گرفته و نیز ارائه راهکارهای لازم جهت تشخیص به موقع و درمان مناسب این نوع ضایعات می باشد.مرور مقالات: محققین علل بروز این نوع پوسیدگی ها را مرفولوژی خاص شیارها و اثرات کاربرد موضعی بویژه در کشورهایی که از ترکیبات فلوراید موضعی بیشتر استفاده می کنند می دانند. تشخیص این نوع پوسیدگی ها دشوار است و نیاز به استفاده از ابزارهای تشخیصی دیگری جز سوند و آئینه دارد. رادیوگرافی Bitewing یکی از ابزارهای ساده برای تشخیص این نوع پوسیدگی هاست. محققین شیوع HIDDEN caries در مولرهایی که هنگام معاینه کلینیکی سالم به نظر می رسیدند بین 1.4 تا %15 گزارش کرده اند. پیشگیری از H.C تنها با انجام فیشورسیلنت بلافاصله پس از رویش دندان میسر است. در صورت مشاهده این نوع پوسیدگی در رادیوگرافی Bitewing باید نسبت به ترمیم آن با روشهای مرسوم با آمالگام یا کامپوزیت اقدام کرد. رزین های ترمیمی پیشگیرانه (PRR) برای شیارهای به ظاهر سالمی که مشکوک به نظر می رسند به جای فیشورسیلنت جایگزین بهتری است. پیشنهاد می شود محققین کشور در زمینه شیوع این ضایعه در ایران نیز پژوهش کنند.

The PROBLEM of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic PROBLEM of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic PROBLEM is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the PROBLEM of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the PROBLEM of personal identity.

In Kant and the PROBLEM of Metaphysics (KPM), Heidegger shows how the initial image-making power of the imagination is pictorial in the pure image of time. He further clarifies the recognized link between the syntheses and the time-visualizing power of images which is pictorial formative power, which can visualize time. The three syntheses of imagination are replaced with the modes of existence of Dasein. Three kinds of photographs resemble the images produced when the transcendental imagination functions as Dasein. We can address the ways to visualize time by considering Dasein with a photographic preoccupation through 1. A possible look in the form of presentation (a photograph shows an immediate look of a house or person as intuitable this-here); 2. An immediate look of the thing, house, or deceased person, as well as a copy or its reproduction as a death mask; and, 3. The manner of contemplation of a likeness is an immediate look of a being present in the form of representation.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the PROBLEM of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a PROBLEMatic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.