Purpose: HIDDEN caries is a term used to describe occlusal dentine caries that is missed on a visual examination, but can be detected by bitewing radiographs. The aim of this study is the review of new studies about this lesion and presentation the ways for diagnosis, prevention and treatmen of this lesion.Review of Literature: Investigations believe that the etiology of this lesion is the morphology of occlusal fissures and also topical fluoride use. Diagnosis of HIDDEN caries is difficult and need to use the diagnostic tools such as bitewing radiographs. Investigators have shown the prevalence of HIDDEN caries is between 1.4% to 15% of occlusal surfaces of permanent molars that have diagnosed as sound teeth. Prevention of this lesion is taken by fissure sealing soon after eruption and treatment is taken by amalgam or composite restoration. It is suggested to investigate about the prevalence of HIDDEN caries in our country.

Dyspraxia is a condition which has received attention in understanding a variety of difficulties in learning exhibited by children. This paper presents an exploration of dyspraxia and dyspraxic children. The spectrum of this difficulties exhibited by dyspraxic children is very wide, from difficulties in walking over a straight line to reading-writing difficulties. This paper focuses on dyspraxia and dyspraxic children. Dyspraxic children can become disadvantaged. Specifically, the general policy in identifying their needs and supporting them are necessary for an appropriate intervention. Dyspraxic children are clearly having special educational needs along other children with special educational needs such as dyslexia, autism, etc. Dyspraxic children do not morally or legally receive enough attention mainly because they do not look different from their normal peers. This is why dyspraxia is usually addressed as a HIDDEN HANDICAP. It is not sufficient to make sure that there will be enough funding to support pupils with Special Educational Needs, it is also necessary to ensure that all the relevant pupils to be recognized as children with Special Educational Needs and receive the appropriate support and intervention within the educational system.        

Dear Editor-in-Chief In positive psychology literature, resilience is among indexes that help one to adjust with nega-tive situation and have better function. Resilience is shaped in family context and could be fostered. Better parenting styles have con-structive effects on resilience skill.

History and Objectives: Since sepsis has a high mortality rate in all elderly and HANDICAP population, specially at nursing homes, the present study was performed in order to identify the prevalence of sepsis. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done. Blood samples were collected from 124 residents of Kahrizak Nursing House. After identification of isolated bacteria by standard methods, antibiogram tests were performed to determine the sensitivity or resistance of bacteria to common antibiotics. Sex and age of subjects were recorded. Results: of 124 subjects (32.2% male, 67.8% female), 16.2% had sepsis. The isolated bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococci, Staph. aureus, E. coli, Strep. pyrogenes and Klebsiella. The Gram positive bacteria were resistant to fumatidine (77%), ciprofloxacin (75%), cephazoline (74.5%), and sensitive to co-trimoxazol (82%), gentamycin (80%), and amikacin (78.5%). The Gram negative bacteria were resistant to cephazolin (61.5%), cephalothin (52%), and sensitive to co-trimoxazol (95%), tetracycline (88%), fumatidine (79.5%), and gentamycin (79.5%). Conclusions: In the present study, the isolated bacteria werenormalflora, so it should be emphasized the proper personal hygiene such as hand washings to control infections. Antibiogram test is recommended for isolated bacteria.    

Purpose: In recent years, the evaluation of voice disorders has traditionally moved into a more comprehensive approach that includes quality of life. The quality of life related to Singing Voice HANDICAP Index (SVHI) is one of the most widely used self-assessment tools in the area of voice disorder for singers. The aim of this study is to investigate the voice HANDICAP index in singers who are suffering from voice disorder and healthy singers by the Persian version of the singing voice HANDICAP index (SVHIP). Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study. In this study, 115 singers (48 singers with voice disorder and 67 healthy singers) were participated, and their demographic information was recorded. By completing the Persian version of SVHIP and using Independent T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient, total score and score of each SVHIP index subset (functional, physical and emotional domain) were calculated. Results: There is a significant difference between the total score of singing voice HANDICAP index and the scores of its subset in both healthy and voice disorder groups. (p≤ 0. 05). There is also a strong correlation between each SVHIP subset with each other in each group of participants 0/6

Introduction: The present study was designed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Dizziness HANDICAP Inventory (P-DHI). In addition, this research was targeted toward assessing the association of P-DHI with Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The current study also involved a comparison of the scores of patients and healthy participants and implementation of a factor analysis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 113 patients with dizziness and 30 healthy individuals referring to tertiary centers for otolaryngology and neurology, affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. The mean age of the patients was 44. 5± 13. 6 years. All patients recompleted the P-DHI after 2 weeks. Internal consistency and reproducibility of the inventory were evaluated using the Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient, Bland-Altman limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficients. In addition, the relationships of the P-DHI with SF-36 and HADS were evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. An exploratory factor analysis was also run to determine the factor structure of the questionnaire. Results: The Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient of P-DHI scale was obtained as 0. 86. In addition, the functional, physical, and emotional subscales of this instrument had the Cronbach’ s alpha coefficients of 0. 76, 0. 52, and 0. 80, respectively. The limits of agreement were 16 points for the total scale, and the range of intraclass correlation coefficients was 0. 90-0. 96. The P-DHI showed a fair correlation with vertigo severity which assesses functional disability subscale. This scale also demonstrated a moderate correlation with SF-36 and HADS. Factor analysis revealed a 2-factor solution which was different from the factor structure of the original DHI. Conclusion: As the findings indicated, the P-DHI had good psychometric properties; therefore, it could serve as a useful tool for measuring disability in patients with dizziness and unsteadiness.