Statement of Problem: Digital Subtraction Radiography (DSR) needs reproducible alignment between the x-ray source, the object, and the film for obtaining identical projections of the same anatomic region.Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bite registrations (placed on individual bite blocks) on the reproducibility of parallel periapical radiographs, obtained every 2 months, in patients undergoing periodontal surgery for furcation involvement.Materials and Methods: Ninety eight parallel periapical radiographs were used in this study. The radiographs were taken with individual bite-blocks attached to the beam-guiding device. In order to individualize the bite blocks, bite registrations were fabricated using silicon impression material, and were placed on the individual bite blocks. All radiographs in each series were processed under similar conditions and were digitized with the flatbed scanner fitted with a transparency adaptor (hp Scanjet 7400) at 300 dpi resolution. Reproducibility of this method for obtaining similar parallel periapical radiographs was assessed by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances between two selected unchanged reference points on each radiograph and comparing them in each series. Reliability of measurements was analyzed using the one way random model intraclass correlation coefficient for average of raters.Results: For both measurements (Horizontal and Vertical) statistically significant reliability was found between three repeated radiographs with two month intervals in 16 patients, as well as 5 repeated radiographs with two month intervals in 10 patients (P<0.001).Conclusion: The result of this study shows that bite registration on individual bite blocks is enough for obtaining identical parallel periapical radiographs.

Introduction: The medical education standards have been used in the national evaluation system and medical education accreditation for many years. Accreditation deals with the manner of performance of organizations, their objectives and abilities which were defined based on certain standards and ultimately aims at quality control, quality assurance, quality improvement or a combination of these.Literature review: Standard is defined as what is widely accepted or confirmed in contrast to what still needs judgment and measurement. In other words, standard refers to those technical qualities and criteria which are designed and regulated with collective collaboration, consensus and impression.Discussion: Consensus in STANDARDIZATION has two main advantages: first, the cases which are standardized in this way their current era, second, consensus is based on the opinions of the majority. Thus, It brings about a kind of assurance towards the quality of what is standardized. Along with the developments in technology and communication it is necessary to modify and revise our standards every several years as the need arises.

Introduction: Enteral nutrition (EN) is crucial for patients that cannot feed orally. Different mixtures have been used for EN and several advantages and limitations have been mentioned for each. Home-made, hospital blenderized liquids have long been used in clinical setting. Hospital prepared formulas (HPF) are still preferred in Iran. There is no standard method for preparing these feedings. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional quality and viscosity of standard hospital prepared formula in Kamyab hospital.Methods: This was a descriptive study which analyzed macronutrients, osmolality and viscosity of standard hospital prepared formula samples based on exchange list. To compare mean values and standard deviation one sample t test was used.Result: Caloric density of samples ranged from 77-96 kcal/100 g and the percentages of total weight for carbohydrate were 10.7, 11.3, and 6.5; for Protein and fat were 4.1 and 3.8 g/100 ml. The average variability of the viscosity was 35-110 centipoise, and osmolality ranged from 145-345 mosm/kg.Conclusion: The results showed that exchange list was reliable. This standard formula had an acceptable level of macronutrient and if it prepared like the recipe, it would supply energy requirement of patients.

This paper introduces a notion of generalised GEOMETRIC logic. Connections of generalised GEOMETRIC logic with the L-topological system and L-topological space are established.

In this paper first we define the morphism between GEOMETRIC spaces in two different types. We construct two categories of U-GESP and L-GESP from GEOMETRIC spaces then investigate some properties of the two categories, for instance U-GESP is topological. The relation between hypergroups and GEOMETRIC spaces is studied. By constructing the category SNS-Hv of Hv-groups we answer the question that which construction of hyperstructures on the category of sets has free object in the sense of universal property. At the end we define the category of GEOMETRIC Hypergroups and we study its relation with the category of hypergroup.